phospho-
(ˈfɒsfəʊ)
before a vowel phosph-, combining form, shortened from phosphorus.
phosphoˈchalcite Min. = phosphorochalcite; † ˌphosphocoˈzymase Biochem. [cozymase] = NAD(P) s.v. N II. 1; phosphoˈcreatine Biochem., creatine phosphate, HOOC·CH2·N(CH3)·C(NH)·NH·PO(OH)2, the phosphagen of vertebrate muscle; ˌphosphodiˈester (-daɪˈɛstə(r)) Biochem., used attrib. to designate a bond of the kind joining successive sugar molecules in a polynucleotide or oligonucleotide, in which a molecule of phosphoric acid links a hydroxyl group in one molecule to a hydroxyl group in the next with the loss of two molecules of water (giving the sequence {b1}O·PO(OH)·O{b1} between carbon atoms); ˌphosphodiˈesterase (-daɪˈɛstəreɪz, -s) Biochem. [a. G. phosphodiesterase (S. Uzawa 1932, in Jrnl. Biochem. (Japan) XV. 22)], any enzyme that breaks a phosphodiester bond in an oligonucleotide; ˌphosphoˌenolpyˈruvate Biochem., the anion CH2:C(O·PO(OH)2)·COO- derived from the phosphate ester of the enol of pyruvic acid; phosphoˈferrite Min. [ad. G. phosphoferrit (Laubmann & Steinmetz 1920, in Zeitschr. für Kryst. und Min. LV. 569)], a hydrated phosphate of ferrous iron and bivalent manganese (the former predominating), (Fe,Mn)3(PO4)2.3H2O, which forms an isomorphous series with reddingite and occurs as pale green, translucent or transparent, orthorhombic crystals; ˌphosphoˌfructoˈkinase Biochem., an enzyme that catalyses the phosphorylation of fructose phosphate to fructose diphosphate; ˌphosphoˌglucoˈmutase Biochem., an enzyme that catalyses the transfer of a phosphate group between the first and the sixth carbon atoms of a molecule of glucose phosphate; phosphoˈglycerate, a salt of phosphoglyceric acid = glycerophosphate; phosphoglyˈceric phosphoglyceric acid = glycerophosphoric acid (see glycero-); phosphoˈglyceride Biochem., any phospholipid with a structure based on glycerol phosphate; phosphoiˈnositide Biochem., any phospholipid in which inositol is linked to the phosphate group; phosphoˈkinase Biochem. = kinase b; phospholite, synonym of phosphomoˈlybdate, a salt of phosphomolybdic acid; phosphomoˈlybdic phosphomolybdic acid, or permolybdic phosphate (2P2O5·48MoO3·6H2O), a lemon-yellow salt produced by the action of molybdic trioxide on phosphoric acid; ˌphosphomonoesterase (-mɒnəʊˈɛstəreɪz, -s) Biochem. [a. G. phosphomonoesterase (S. Uzawa 1932, in Jrnl. Biochem. (Japan) XV. 20)], any enzyme that removes a terminal phosphate group from an oligonucleotide or a mononucleotide; phosphoˈphyllite Min. [ad. G. phosphophyllit (Laubmann & Steinmetz 1920, in Zeitschr. für Kryst. und Min. LV. 566), f. Gr. ϕύλλον leaf, in allusion to its perfect cleavage], a brittle, almost colourless secondary mineral that is a hydrated phosphate of zinc, iron, and manganese, Zn2(Fe,Mn)(PO4)2.4H2O, and occurs as tabular, monoclinic crystals; phosphoˈprotein Biochem., any protein that contains phosphorus other than in a nucleic acid or a phospholipid; phosphoˈsilicate, any substance which contains phosphate and silicate anions, or consists largely of the corresponding oxides; freq. attrib.; phosphoˈtungstic acid, an acid of the form P2O5·xWO3.yH2O; † phosphoˈvinic phosphovinic acid, old synonym of ethylphosphoric acid, (C2H5)H2PO4, a colourless, inodorous, viscid oil, with a biting sour taste, produced by the action of phosphoric acid on alcohol or ether; phospho-wolˈframic a. = phosphotungstic.
| 1946 Nature 24 Aug. 275/2 It was found with a preparation of cozymase and *phosphocozymase received from Prof. Otto Warburg that only one pentose was found for two phosphorus atoms. 1964 Phosphocozymase [see cozymase]. |
| 1927 Fiske & Subbarow in Science 22 Apr. 402/2 Our main evidence for the existence of ‘*phosphocreatine’ in muscle is of a quite different nature. 1950 G. A. Baitsell Human Biol. (ed. 2) xiv. 243 The energy for the resynthesis of phosphocreatine, following contraction, comes indirectly from the oxidation of glucose in the muscle cells. 1969 J. I. Routh et al. Essent. Gen., Org. & Biochem. xxxiv. 666 Creatine..is especially abundant in muscle tissue, where it is combined with phosphoric acid as phosphocreatine, or creatine phosphate. |
| 1953 Fruton & Simmonds Gen. Biochem. vii. 190 The products obtained from PNA preparations have been shown to be chains of nucleosides linked by 3{p},5{p}- (or 2{p},5{p}-)*phosphodiester bonds. 1975 Sci. Amer. July 25/3 A DNA strand is a chain of nucleotides... The individual nucleotide building blocks are connected by phosphodiester bonds between the carbon atom at position No. 3 on one sugar and the carbon atom at position No. 5 on the adjacent sugar. |
| [1932 Chem. Abstr. XXVI. 2994 (heading) The phosphormonoesterase and the phosphordiesterase.] 1937 Ibid. XXXI. 10078/1 *Phosphodiesterase. See Phosphatases. 1967 Biochim. & Biophys. Acta CXLII. 111 (heading) The action of snake venom phosphodiesterase on liver ribosomal ribonucleic acids. 1968 J. H. Burn Lect. Notes Pharmacol. (ed. 9) 65 Cyclic AMP is broken down by phosphodiesterase to the inactive 5-AMP. 1968 Phosphodiesterase [see phosphomonoesterase below]. |
| 1956 W. F. H. M. Mommaerts in O. H. Gaebler Enzymes xiv. 319 The system consists..of a hydrolyzing enzyme (actomyosin), a common substrate (ATP), a resynthesizing enzyme (pyruvate kinase), and a reservoir substrate (*phosphoenol pyruvate or PEP). 1970 New Scientist 23 Apr. 168/1 The last step in the glycolytic pathway, from phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate, is effectively irreversible... But in liver and kidney there is a carboxylation reaction which reverses the step. |
| 1921 Mineral. Abstr. I. 125 *Phosphoferrite from Hagendorf, as cloudy-white or greenish, crystalline masses with greasy lustre; H. 4–5, sp. gr. 3·156. 1955 Ibid. XII. 562 Phosphoferrite (Fe,Mn)3(PO4)2.3H2O and reddingite (Mn,Fe)3(PO4)2.3H2O have recently been found in the south pegmatite quarry at Hagendorf, Bavaria, as hydrothermal alteration products of triphylite. They are orthorhombic and isomorphous, the former..of cubo-octahedral or tabular (on 001) habit. 1974 Nature 27 Sept. 305/2 The evidence clearly points to a complete solid solution series between Fe32+(H2O)3[PO4]2 (phosphoferrite) and Fe33+(OH)3[PO4]2 (kryzhanovskite). |
| 1947 Federation Proc. VI. 297 (heading) The purification of *phosphofructokinase from rabbit muscle. 1970 Ambrose & Easty Cell Biol. xiii. 246 Fructose-6-phosphate is phosphorylated by ATP to form fructose-1,6-diphosphate in a reaction catalyzed by a specific phosphofructokinase... This phosphorylation is also essentially irreversible and is an important control point in metabolism. |
| 1938 G. T. Cori et al. in Jrnl. Biol. Chem. CXXIV. 543 A study of the enzyme which causes a migration of the phosphate group from carbon atom 1 to the spacially [sic] adjacent carbon atom 6; the enzyme will be referred to as *phospho⁓glucomutase. 1964 A. White et al. Princ. Biochem. (ed. 3) xxi. 403 The best-studied mutase is phosphoglucomutase, which has been obtained in pure form from rabbit muscle, yeast, and several bacterial species. |
| 1901 Westm. Gaz. 5 Jan. 7/2 Aged patients..dosed with glycerophosphate of sodium and *phosphoglycerate of lime and other chemical combinations. |
| 1857 W. A. Miller Elem. Chem. III. 378 *Phosphoglyceric acid exists ready formed in the yolk of the egg. |
| 1954 A. White et al. Princ. Biochem. xxxii. 800 These phosphatides include *phosphoglycerides, phosphosphingosides, and the phosphoinositides. 1967 Information Bull. Internat. Union Pure & Applied Chem. XXX. 22 The term ‘phosphoglyceride’ signifies any derivative of glycerophosphoric acid that contains at least one O-acyl, or O-alkyl, or O-alk-1{p}-en-1{p}-yl group attached to the glycerol residue... The term ‘phosphatidic acid’ signifies a derivative of glycerophosphoric acid in which both remaining hydroxyl groups of glycerol are esterified with fatty acids. 1970 A. L. Lehninger Biochem. x. 195 The most abundant phosphoglycerides in higher plants and animals are phosphatidyl ethanolamine and phosphatidyl choline. |
| 1954 *Phosphoinositide [see phosphoglyceride above]. 1961 West & Todd Textbk. Biochem. (ed. 3) vi. 154 Two different types of phosphoinositides have been described which are differentiated by the inositol derivatives yielded upon hydrolysis. One type found in heart, liver, soybean, and wheat germ yields inositol monophosphate, fatty acids, and α-glycerol phosphate..; it..is phosphatidyl inositol... Another type of phosphoinositide found in brain..yields inositol-m-diphosphate, glycerol, and fatty acids. 1971 D. G. Bishop in Johnson & Davenport Biochem. Lipids xx. 411 Although phosphoinositides have been recognized as important constituents of brain lipids for some time, their occurrence in nature is now known to be widespread. |
| 1946 Dixon & Needham in Nature 28 Sept. 435/1 Needham has given reasons for believing that the component of the pyruvate oxidase system which is inhibited may be a phosphate-transferring enzyme belonging to the same group as hexokinase. We suggested the name ‘*phosphokinase’ for this small but important group of enzymes. 1953 Brit. Med. Bull. IX. 110/2 The phosphokinases all seem to have the common property that they require the presence of Mg++ for their activity. 1962, 1964 Phosphokinase [see kinase b]. |
| 1856 W. A. Miller Elem. Chem. II. 783 The *Phosphomolybdate of Soda is an extremely delicate test for the presence of salt of ammonium in solution. |
| 1878 Kingzett Anim. Chem. 207 A mixture of sulphuric and nitric acids with *phosphomolybdic acid. |
| [1932 *Phosphomonoesterase: see phosphodiesterase above.] 1933 Chem. Abstr. XXVII. 1020 (heading) Phosphomonoesterase of animal organs and especially of the blood. 1968 Passmore & Robson Compan. Med. Stud. I. xii. 25/1 The combined action of the depolymerases, phosphodiesterases and phosphomonoesterases is to degrade RNA and DNA to the state of nucleosides. |
| 1921 Mineral. Abstr. I. 125 *Phosphophyllite from Hagendorf, colourless to pale-blue, well-developed, monoclinic crystals,..with perfect micaceous cleavage and lamellar twinning both parallel to c (001); H. 3–4, sp. gr. 3·081. 1968 Mineral. Mag. XXXVI. 624 In both phosphophyllite and hopeite..the P—O tetrahedron shares one oxygen with six-coordinated zinc (Znvi) and three with four-coordinated zinc (Zniv). |
| 1908 Jrnl. Biol. Chem. IV. p. l, Joint Recommendations of the Physiological and Biochemical Committees on Protein Nomenclature... *Phosphoproteins. Compounds of the protein molecule with some, as yet undefined, phosphorus containing substance other than a nucleic acid or lecithin. 1929 R. A. Gortner Outl. Biochem. xvi. 391 Casein of milk and vitellin of egg yolk are the two most important phosphoproteins. 1968 H. Harris Nucleus & Cytoplasm i. 14 Synthesis of a specific plasma phosphoprotein induced in male chickens by the administration of diethylstilboestrol. |
| 1964 IBM Jrnl. Res. & Devel. VIII. 378/2 The importance of the *phosphosilicate layer for transistor stabilization has also been shown by the examination of production transistors after life tests. 1966 Solid-State Electronics IX. 1009 An i.r. spectrophotometer..detects accurately the presence of the phosphosilicate layer. 1975 Physics Bull. Jan. 14/1 A team at Southampton University has also achieved very low losses with a new type of fibre—a phosphosilicate (P2O5/SiO2) glass core contained in a pure silica cladding. 1975 Nature 27 Feb. 722/2 Except for the chemical analysis of minerals such as viseite and wilkeite, few systematic studies of phosphosilicates have been made. |
| 1884 Athenæum 26 Apr. 584/3 With regard to strychnine..*phosphotungstic acid will give a distinct precipitate with one-two-hundred-thousandth of a grain. 1899 J. Cagney tr. Jaksch's Clin. Diagn. vii. (ed. 4) 369 Kreatinin is a base which forms highly characteristic compounds with acids, such as phosphotungstic and phosphomolybdic. |
| 1838 T. Thomson Chem. Org. Bodies 186 Phosphovinate of barytes was the salt which M. Pelouze chiefly studied, and by means of which, he determined the composition of *phosphovinic acid. 1866–77 Watts Dict. Chem. IV. 589 Ethylphosphoric Acid, also called Phosphethylic or Phosphovinic acid. |
| 1878 Kingzett Anim. Chem. 276 By precipitation of its hydrochloric acid solution with *phosphowolframic acid. |
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phosphoˈgypsum, an impure form of gypsum, contaminated mainly with phosphate, which is a by-product of the industrial production of orthophosphoric acid from phosphate rock.
| 1966 tr. Analele Inst. Central de Cercetări Agricole: Sect. Pedologie (Romania) 1965 XXXIII. 384 This paper contains the results of..experiments..concerning the influence of *phosphogypsum..on..exchangeable sodium content and on..pH values up to a 60 cm depth. 1969 Proc. 5th Internat. Symposium Chem. of Cement IV. 465/1 The first study of phosphogypsum for control of the setting of portland cement was attempted in 1956. 1973 Chem. & Industry 7 July 612/2 The term phosphogypsum tends to be applied without distinction to the by-product of both dihydrate and hemihydrate processes and sometimes also to hemihydrate or anhydrite produced by subsequent processing of by-product calcium sulphate. 1983 New Scientist 16 June 760/1 Yellow sludge (phosphogypsum) is produced when phosphate rock is treated with sulphuric acid to make fertiliser. |