▪ I. lining, vbl. n.1
(ˈlaɪnɪŋ)
Also 5–6 lynyng(e, -eng, 5–7 lyning, 6 lyenynge, 7 loyning.
[f. line v.1 + -ing1.]
1. a. concr. The stuff with which garments are lined; the inner or under surface of material stitched into a coat, robe, hat, etc. for protection or warmth.
| 1401–2 Durham Acc. Rolls (Surtees) 393 In..factura..trium casularum cum lynynges. 1462 Mann. & Househ. Exp. (Roxb.) 149 For lynynge to the sayd jaket, xij.d. 1502 Priv. Purse Exp. Eliz. of York (1830) 54 Betwene the outside and the lynyng of the Quenes cloke. 1666 Wood Life 26 Feb. (O.H.S.) II. 73 Loynings for my breches and pockets. 1851 Illustr. Catal. Gt. Exhib. 1057 Patterns of hat-linings. 1871 M. Arnold Friendship's Garland 165, I write with a bit of coal on the lining of my hat. |
| fig. 1588 Shakes. L.L.L. v. ii. 791 As bumbast and as lining to the time. 1647 Trapp Marrow Gd. Authors in Comm. Ep. 648 Allin had a Cardinals hat, but with so thin lining (means to support his state) that he was commonly called, The starveling Cardinall. |
b. pl. Drawers; underclothing. dial.
| 1614 B. Jonson Barth. F. ii. i, I ha' seene as fine outsides, as either o' yours, bring lowsie linings to the Brokers, ere now, twice a weeke. 1655 tr. Com. Hist. Francion iv. 1 His lynings hanging out of his Breeches down unto his shoes. 1669 Wood Life 19 Oct. (O.H.S.) II. 174 A pair of flannill loynings, 2s. 1693 Southerne Maid's Last Prayer iii. iii. 31 L. Mal. Drawers, my Lord, you mean. Ld. Mal. Jesu! no; you know I never wear Linings. 1866 T. Edmondston Gloss. Shetl. & Orkn. s.v., I was standin' i' my bare līnins. 1894 Hetton-le-Hole Gloss., Linings, pit⁓men's drawers, fastened at the knee by strings. |
2. a. In extended use: Any material occurring or placed next beneath the outside one (for spec. applications see quots.).
| 1713 Pope Guardian No. 4 ¶3, I have found unvalued repositories of learning in the lining of bandboxes. 1813 Eustace Italy I. vii. 281 Some fragments of marble linings..remain to attest the ancient magnificence of this port. 1829 Glover's Hist. Derby i. 61 Ironstone of black colour (Black⁓stone lining). 1830 Lindley Nat. Syst. Bot. p. xlvi, Placentae covering the whole lining of the carpella. 1834 Pickering's Catalogue 1 Biblia Sacra Hebræa... Bound in blue morocco, with morocco linings. 1834 Cycl. Pract. Med. III. 300/1 The lining of the abdominal muscles. 1841 S. C. Brees Gloss. Civ. Engin., Lining,..a term applied to puddle laid along the bottom and upon the sloping sides of canals, whereby it prevents the water from escaping. 1859 Gwilt Encycl. Archit. Gloss. s.v., Lining is distinguished from casing, the first being a covering in the interior of the building, whilst the latter is the covering of the exterior part of a building. 1867 Smyth Sailor's Word-bk., Linings, the reef-bands, leech and top linings, bunt-line cloths, and other applied pieces, to prevent the chafing of the sails. 1881 Greener Gun 231 These barrels,..are welded upon a ‘chemise’, or plain iron lining. 1895 Cassell's New Techn. Educ. III. 362/1 The lining of the edges of modern dining-tables is composed of wood similar in age and character..to that of the table-top. |
b. Proverb.
| [1634 Milton Comus 221 Was I deceived, or did a sable cloud Turn forth her silver lining on the night?] 1871 Smiles Charac. viii. (1876) 218 While we see the cloud, let us not shut our eyes to the silver lining. 1885 Gilbert Mikado ii. Orig. Plays Ser. iii. (1895) 198 Don't let's be down-hearted! There's a silver lining to every cloud. |
3. fig. Contents; that which is inside.
| c 1430 Lydg. Min. Poems (Percy Soc.) 52 Ne hath no joie to do no besinesse, Sauff of a tankarde to pluk out the lynyng. Ibid. 53, 54, 55. 1580 Sidney Ps. v. iv, Mischief their soules for inmost lyning have. 1593 Shakes. Rich. II, i. iv. 61 The lining of his coffers shall make Coates To decke our souldiers for these Irish warres. 1632 W. Rowley Woman never vext iv. i. 64 This leane Gentleman lookes As if he had no lining in 's guts. 1654 H. L'Estrange Chas. I (1655) 2 And (whatever the linings were) certain it is there was such a fair outside of love..as eye scarce ever beheld the like. 1738 Lady's Decoy 4 in N. & Q. Ser. vii. VI. 205 My money is spent; Can I be content With pockets depriv'd of their lining? 1879 J. Burroughs Locusts & W. Honey (1884) 86, I was sure to return at meal-time with a lining of berries in the top of my straw hat. |
4. The action of line v.1; providing with a lining. Also lining up. See line v.1 5.
| 1839 Ure Dict. Arts 636 [The hat] is then ready for the last operations of lining and binding. 1880 J. W. Zaehnsdorf Bookbinding xix. 84 Books that have been over-cast in the sewing should have rather a strong lining up. 1885 Crane Bookbinding xv. 118 This stage of the lining is represented at Fig. 105. 1889 Work 22 June I. 234/1 The following directions do not pretend to cover the whole subject of lining up [in cabinet-making]. 1895 J. W. Zaehnsdorf Sh. Hist. Bookbinding Gloss. 26 Lining-up, i.e., glueing the back to receive the necessary paper, linen, or soft leather before the final cover goes on. |
5. attrib., as lining cloth, lining paper, lining piece; lining side, the inside or under side.
| 1585 Polwart Flyting w. Montgomerie 566 With laidly lips, and lyning side turned out. c 1860 H. Stuart Seaman's Catech. 45 On the after part of the sail is a lining cloth for receiving the chafe of the tops. 1880 J. W. Zaehnsdorf Bookbinding Gloss., Lining Papers, the coloured or marbled papers at each end of the volume. 1889 Work 22 June I. 234/2 The lining pieces will be of..3-in. width. 1938 Burlington Mag. July 34/2 Pasted inside [a hanging food cupboard] are the remains of a seventeenth-century lining-paper. 1962 F. T. Day Introd. to Paper viii. 87 Rolls of lining papers of all kinds consume a large volume of paper in many grades. |
▪ II. lining, vbl. n.2
(ˈlaɪnɪŋ)
[f. line v.2 + -ing1.]
The action of line v.2
1. Arranging in line, alignment (chiefly Mil.). Also lining-up.
| 1598 Barret Theor. Warres iii. ii. 48 That kind of lining which is vsed in placing a pike and a shot. Ibid., Lyning of battels with shot or bowes. 1632 Sherwood, A Lining (or making straight by a line) a thing drawne by line, alignement. 1796 Instr. & Reg. Cavalry (1813) 50 The looking and lining of the soldier is always towards that point. Ibid., By the men's lining themselves to one hand (inwards). 1940 Chambers's Techn. Dict. 503/2 Lining-up, the operation of arranging the bearings of an engine crank⁓shaft, etc. in perfect alignment. 1959 W. S. Sharps Dict. Cinematogr. 107/1 Lining up, the setting of camera or other controls, in order to obtain a correctly framed picture. 1967 E. Chambers Photolitho-Offset v. 51 Modern layout and lining-up tables are in many respects similar to stripping benches or shiners, with straight edges often in the form of steel rules, and micrometer-adjustable. |
2. a. The use of the measuring line or of a stretched cord for alignment.
| 1823 Crabbe Technol. Dict., Lining, the act of marking the length, breadth, or depth of any piece of timber, according to instruction and design, by a cord rubbed with red or white chalk. 1825 J. Nicholson Operat. Mechanic 625 When the slater has finished the eaves, he strains a line on the face of the upper slates... This lining and laying is continued close to the ridge of the roof. 1860 Eng. & For. Mining Gloss. (Newcastle Terms), Lining, dialling or surveying underground. |
b. In Scottish royal burghs: The authoritative fixing of the boundaries of burghal properties. Now usually short for decree of lining, the permission granted by a Dean of Guild to erect or alter a building according to specified conditions. Before the institution of Dean of Guild Courts, this permission had to be obtained from the Chancery, the instrument being called a brieve of lining.
| 1574 Burgh Rec. Glasgow (1832) 11 The quhilk day the thre Baillies and ane parte of þe counsale past to visie and decyde þe questione of Lyneyng and ny{supt}bourheid betuix Thomas Crawfurd..and maister Dauid Conynghame. 1681 Visct. Stair Instit. Law Scot. iv. iii. §13 (1693) 554 The third Unretourable Brieve, is, the Brieve of Lyning, which is of this Tenor. 1888 Cases Crt. Session 4th Ser. XVI. 259 If, for instance, it was proposed to set up a blubber or a glue work in one of the divisions of Princes Street, the Dean of Guild might refuse a lining because [etc.]. 1898 N.B. Daily Mail 23 Sept. 3 This year..649 linings having been granted at a valuation of {pstlg}2,106,760. |
3. Tracing of lines. lining out: see quot. 1823.
| 1823 P. Nicholson Pract. Build. 587 Lining-out; drawing lines on a piece of timber, &c. so as to cut it into boards, planks, or other figures. 1839 W. A. Chatto Wood Engraving viii. 663 Some wood engravers are but too apt to pride themselves on the delicacy of their lining. 1869 E. J. Reed Shipbuild. viii. 144 When the lining-out had been completed the beam-arms were punched out. |
4. The giving out of a hymn (by the precentor) line by line. Also lining out.
| 1863 S. L. J. Life in South I. xvii. 355 Next follows a hymn of alternate singing and ‘lining’. 1883 G. W. Curtis in Harper's Mag. Dec. 14/2 The ancient leading and lining of the hymn gave way to modern psalmody. 1894 N. Dickson Auld Sc. Precentor 20 This practice was called ‘lining out’, or ‘reading the line’. 1917 Encycl. Relig. & Ethics IX. 27/2 In the ordinary parish churches metrical Psalms only were sung. ‘Lining out’ by the ‘clerk’, or precentor, was the order, singing in unison without organ accompaniment the rule. 1968 P. Oliver Screening Blues ii. 82 ‘Lining out’ in which a lead singer paces a line and the congregation follows with the same line or a refrain response with a linear reply. |
5. Fishing with a line.
| 1833 J. V. C. Smith Fishes Massachusetts 262 It [Weak-Fish] is taken both by lining and seining. 1897 Ld. Mayo in 19th Cent. Aug. 199 note, Cross-lining, a mode of fishing with two boats; a long line dressed with flies is dragged between each boat. |
6. attrib.: lining-gauge, † lining-stick, a type-founder's tool for testing the exact evenness of the bottom serifs of the letters.
| 1683 Moxon Mech. Exerc., Printing xvii. ¶2 The Lining-Stick is about two Inches long for small Letters. |
▪ III. † lining, vbl. n.3
In 7 ligning.
[f. line v.3 + -ing1.]
The action of line v.3
| 1611 Cotgr., Alignement,..the ligning of a bitch. |
▪ IV. ˈlining, ppl. a.
[f. line v.2 + -ing2.]
That lines or forms a lining.
| 1853 Markham Skoda's Auscult. 265 Catarrhal inflammation of the lining-membrane of the bronchial tubes. |
▪ V. lining
obs. form of linen.