▪ I. tile, n.1
(taɪl)
Forms: α. 1 tiᵹule, 1–2 tiᵹele, 3 tiȝel, 4 teȝele, tijl, 4–5 tiel, 4–6 tyel, 4–9 tyle, 5 til, tyl, tille, tyell, tyil, tyȝl(l, tele, 5–6 teylle, tylle, 4– tile. β. Sc. and north. dial. 5–6 tild, tyld(e.
[OE. tiᵹule, tiᵹele:—WGer. tegala, ad. L. tēgula a tile, f. teg-ĕre to cover. So OHG. ziagal (MHG., G. ziegel), Du. tegel, tichel, ON. tigl (Sw. tegel, Da. tegl).]
1. A thin slab of burnt clay, shaped according to the purpose for which it is required; usually unglazed and flat or curved for covering the roofs of buildings, flat for lining ovens, etc.; flat, usually glazed and sometimes encaustically ornamented when used to pave floors, or line walls, fire-places, etc.; semi-cylindrical or tunnel-shaped when used for purposes of drainage. Now freq. made of concrete. a. originally and generally as used for roofing purposes; hence also applied to similar coverings of metal, marble, † wood ‘shingles’, etc.
| a 725 Corpus Gloss. 1992 (O.E.T.) Tegula, tiᵹule. c 825 Vesp. Ps. xxi. 16 [xxii. 15] Adruᵹade swe swe tiᵹule [L. testa] meᵹen min. c 1000 Sax. Leechd. II. 156 ᵹebærn under tiᵹelan to ahsan. a 1300 Cursor M. 18930 Þe fire es god to strengh þe tile. 1340 Ayenb. 167 Tribulacion makeþ pacience ase þet uer makeþ þe teȝele hard. c 1400 Brut ccxlii. 352 A large hous of tymbir..couered with tylez ouyr. c 1425 Voc. in Wr.-Wülcker 667/22 Hec tegula, teylle. 1552 Huloet, Tyles of woode called shyngles. 1555 Eden Decades 150 Their houses..are couered eyther with tyles, slates, reades, or stalkes of certeyne herbes. 1613 Purchas Pilgrimage (1614) 467 The house wherein his Pagode..standeth, is couered with Tiles of siluer. 1617 Moryson Itin. i. 64 The building is very faire, of free stone.., but covered with tiles of wood for the most part. 1678 Cudworth Intell. Syst. i. iv. 460 He uncovered another Temple.., and taking off the Marble-Tyles thereof, sent them into Spain to adorn his new erected Temple withal. 1746–7 Hervey Medit. (1818) 27 Even a single tile, dropping from the roof, may be as fatal as the fall of the whole structure. 1840 R. H. Dana Bef. Mast xiii. 30 The better houses..have red tiles upon the roofs. 1850 J. Leitch tr. C. O. Müller's Anc. Art §53 Byzes of Naxos invented the art of cutting marble tiles about the 50th Olympiad. 1857 Birch Anc. Pottery (1858) I. 162 Tiles were extensively used in Greece for roofing. |
† b. As used in building generally, and including thicker slabs of the shape and quality of bricks:
cf. tile-stone 1.
Obs. (
Cf. the corresponding use of G.
ziegel. The word
brick first appears in E. in the 15th c.)
| c 893 K. ælfred Oros. ii. iv. §7 [Se weall] is ᵹeworht of tiᵹelan & of eorðtyrewan. [c 1250–1387: see 2.] c 1385 Chaucer L.G.W. 709, & wallis make Ful hye of harde tilis wel I-bake. 1481 Caxton Myrr. iii. xi. 158 They made other [pillar]..of tyles all hole wythoute ony Ioyntures. |
c. (
a) As used for paving floors, lining walls, fireplaces, etc.
| c 1386 Chaucer Sompn. T. 397 Ne of our pauement Nys nat a tyl yet with-Inne oure wones. [c 1394, 1426–7: see 2.] 1611 Cotgr., Quarreau,..a square tile, or bricke, fit to paue with. 1688 R. Holme Armoury iii. 343/2 Roman Tiles..found in Vaults and Cellars in Chester. 1715 Leoni Palladio's Archit. (1742) I. 27 The Floors may be made..of square Tyles. 1727–41 Chambers Cycl., Flemish or Dutch Tyles are of two kinds, antient and modern.—The antient were used for chimney foot-paces... The modern Flemish tyles are commonly used plastered up in the jaumbs of chimneys, instead of chimney-corner-stones. 1735 Berkeley Querist §117 Whether tiles and plaster may not supply the place of Norway fir for flooring. 1844 Dickens Christmas Carol i, The fireplace..paved..with quaint Dutch tiles. 1888 M. E. Braddon Fatal Three i. v, The walls were lined with Minton tiles. |
(
b)
transf. Regularly-shaped pieces (often squares) of floor- or wall-covering made of some other material, as
carpet (cork, etc.) tile.
| 1960 Mrs. Beeton's Cookery & Househ. Managem. 44 (heading) Cork tiles. 1975 N.Y. Times 6 Apr. ii. 40/4 Carpet tiles are installed by starting at the center of the room. 1976 Evening Post (Nottingham) 15 Dec. 20/1 (Advt.), Super savings on all branded Axminsters, Wiltons, Foambacks, Cords and Carpet tiles. 1982 Habitat Catal. 1982/83 140 Wipe clean natural cork tiles, pre-sealed with polyurethane varnish for protection. |
d. As used for draining land, roads, buildings, etc., or for other purposes. These are either hollow tubes or semicircular and open.
| 1830 [see tile-draining below]. 1844 [see tile-machine below]. 1869 Boutell Arms & Arm. iv. (1874) 60 One of these shields is an elongated and convex oblong, somewhat resembling a hollowed water-course tile. 1870 Emerson Soc. & Solit. vi. 122 See what the farmer accomplishes by a cartload of tiles: he alters the climate by letting off water. 1875 W. M{supc}Ilwraith Guide Wigtownshire 118 The spring..has been diverted into tiles, and forms a spout-well. 1883 Fisheries Exhib. Catal. 297 Tiles prepared for collecting Spat... Knives for detaching the young oysters from the chalked tile. |
e. Metallurgy. A small flat piece of baked earth or earthenware used to cover vessels in which metals are fused.
| 1741 Cramer Art Assaying Metals 67 In Fusions, it is often necessary to cover the Vessels with Tiles... These are made of the same Matter as the melting Pots and Crucibles. 1753 Chambers Cycl. Supp., Tile, or Tyle, in assaying, a small flat piece of dried earth, used to cover vessels in which metals are in fusion... The Tile sits close upon the vessel. 1877 Knight Dict. Mech., Tile..2. (Brass-founding.) The cover of a brass furnace. Now made of iron, but formerly a flat tile... 3. (Metallurgy.) A clay cover for a melting-pot. |
f. The name given to a small flat plate of copper:
cf. tile copper in 6.
| 1868 Joynson Metals 96 The copper..is cast into ‘ingots’, ‘tiles’, or ‘wire bars’. |
g. to have a tile loose (and similar expressions derived from roofing tiles): to be slightly crazy, or not quite right in the head.
slang.| 1846 W. H. Maxwell Brian o' Linn xvii. (1848) II. 212 ‘There is not a tile off your upper story’, as they say in the north. 1870 G. Macdonald Back of North Wind xix, He's not right in the head, you know. A tile loose. 1877 Besant & Rice Harp & Cr. iv, Is he cracked? Has my cousin dropped a tile? |
h. on the tiles: [after the nocturnal activities of cats] on a spree, on a debauch.
slang.| 1887 H. Baumann Londinismen 125/2 On the tiles, auf dem Nachtbummel. c 1906 Galsworthy Silver Box (1910) 7 Been on the tiles and brought 'ome some of yer cat's fur. 1948 ‘J. Tey’ Franchise Affair xi. 119 I'd say she was what is known as ‘out on the tiles’, sir. A very cool customer she was. 1977 C. McCullough Thorn Birds xviii. 458 They all went out on the tiles... It was some night. |
2. a. The material of which tiles or bricks consist, burnt clay (
cf. brick n.1 1); tiles (or
† bricks) collectively (in early use
const. as
pl.).
† oil of tile = brick-oil (
brick n.1 10).
Obs.| α c 1250 Gen. & Ex. 2552 Ðo sette sundri hem to waken His tiȝel and lim, and walles maken. a 1300 Cursor M. 1533 (Cott.) Tua pilers þai mad, o tile þe tan, Þe toþer it was o merbul stan. 1387 Trevisa Higden (Rolls) IV. 297, I fonde a citee of brend tyle, and now I leve a citee of marbil. c 1394 P. Pl. Crede 194 Þat cloister..was..y-paued wiþ peynt til, iche poynte after oþer. 1426–7 Rec. St. Mary at Hill 64 Payd for xjxx pavyng tyle. 1566 in J. Morris Troubles Cath. Forefathers (1877) 336 All the residue of tile, timber, and stuff. 1632 Lithgow Trav. iv. 139 The couertures being erected..after the Italian fashion with gutterd tyle. 1634 J. B[ate] Myst. Nat. 64 Take of oyle of Tile one pound. 1707 Mortimer Husb. (1721) I. 142 To do them with Dutch Tile, such as they set Chimneys with. 1842 Dickens Amer. Notes xi. (1850) 112/1 Cincinnati is a beautiful city..with..its well-paved roads, and foot-ways of bright tile. |
| β c 1425 Wyntoun Cron. i. v. 235 He gert twa pilleris sone be maid: Off tild or plaister wes the tane, The toþer wes of merbill stane. c 1450 Maitl. Club Misc. III. 205 A litill basyn of payntit tild for the hee alter. 1552 Lyndesay Monarche 1702 All fell to warke, boith man and chylde, Sum holkit claye, sum brynt the tylde. 1553–4 Burgh Rec. Edinb. (1871) II. 346 Item, to Maister Johne Prestoun for ane hundreith tylde..xvs. |
† b. The covering of a roof, roofing.
Obs. rare.
| 1611 Coryat Crudities 362 The tyle of most of their houses is made of pieces of wood. |
3. slang. A hat.
Cf. tiled ppl. a. 1 c.
| 1813 M. Edgeworth Let. 1 May (1971) 33 A number of Fellows and scholars with black tiles on their heads. 1823 in Spirit Pub. Jrnls. 55 The prompter's boy threw up his tile. 1825 Sporting Mag. XVI. 59 The Suffolk Champion took off his tile, and made a silent appeal. 1837 Dickens Pickw. xii, Afore the brim went it was a wery handsome tile. 1873 O. W. Holmes Centenn. Dinner Boston Pier 22 The square-toed boys in the three-cornered tiles. |
4. a. Applied to an ancient Greek game: see
quot.| 1837 B. D. Walsh Aristoph., Knights ii. iv. 212 note, ‘The game of tiles’ was played [thus].—A tile is provided,..black on one side, and white on the other. The players are separated into two..parties, the blacks and the whites. A child tosses up the tile in the air,..if it falls with the black side uppermost, the blacks run after the whites [etc.]. |
b. A thin flat piece used in a game,
esp. in mah-jong or Scrabble.
| 1923 [see mah jong v.]. 1973 Times 17 Nov. 2 A mah-jong set with ivory tiles. 1976 ‘M. Albrand’ Taste of Terror ix. 56 The original..was..printed in red block letters. They seemed to think that tiles from a scrabble set had been used. |
5. Short for
tile-fish.
| 1893 Worthington's Mag. (Hartford, Conn.) I. 150 The Tile should be obtainable in numbers equal to the cod..its flesh is more delicate and has a better flavor. |
6. attrib. and
Comb., as
tile-hat,
tile pavement,
tile paving,
tile roof,
tile roofing,
tile sole,
tile-top;
tile-layer,
tile-moulder,
tile-scraper;
tile-clad,
tile-covered,
tile-floored,
tile-hatted,
tile-like,
tile-lined,
tile-paved,
tile-roofed,
tile-topped adjs.;
tile-and-a-half tile, a tile one and a half times the width of the tiles used with it;
tile-burner, one who burns or bakes clay into tiles, a tile-maker;
tile-clay, a kind of clay adapted for making tiles;
tile copper, impure copper or ‘bottoms’ (
bottom n. 8 b) made in flat rectangular plates or ‘tiles’;
tile creasing: see
creasing vbl. n.2 2;
tile-drain n., a drain constructed of tiles; so
tile-drain v. trans., to drain (a field, etc.) by means of tiles;
tile-drainage, drainage constructed of tiles;
tile-draining vbl. n.;
tile-earth = tile-clay;
tile-field, a piece of ground where tiles are made:
cf. brick-field;
tile game, a game played with flat pieces;
tile-hanging, tiling fixed vertically to an outside wall, for its weather-resisting and decorative properties; hence
tile-hung a.;
tile-laths, laths supporting the tiles of a roof;
tile-machine, a machine for making tiles,
esp. drain-tiles;
† tile-oast = tile-kiln;
tile-ore, an earthy variety of cuprite or copper ore, usually of a reddish colour;
tile-oven = tile-kiln;
tile-pipe, a hollow cylindrical tile for drainage;
tile-pit, a pit in which clay for tiles is dug;
tile-red a. and n., (of) a red colour like that of tiles;
tile-root, name for the South African genus
Geissorhiza of iridaceous plants, from the overlapping scales on the rhizome, the remains of the bases of the leaves;
tile-seed, name for the Australian genus
Geissois of saxifragaceous trees, from the flattened seeds;
† tile-stricker, a workman who formed the clay into a brick or tile;
tile-tea, an inferior kind of brick-tea: see
quots.;
† tile-theeker, one who covers roofs with tiles, a tiler;
tile-ways adv., in the manner or form of a tile or tiles;
tile-work, work consisting of tiles; formerly including brick-work, and pottery in general;
tile-works, a place in which tiles are made;
tile-wright [
repr. OE. tiᵹel wyrhta], a maker of tiles;
tile-yard, a yard or enclosure where tiles are made. See also
tile-fish, -kiln, etc.
| 1940 Chambers's Techn. Dict. 850/2 *Tile-and-a-half tile.., a purpose-made tile of extra width, used to form the bond at a laced valley. |
| 1563–6 in Archæologia XXXVI. 303 To the *tyle burner. 1830 Cumb. Farm Rep. 62 in Lib. U.K., Husb. III, The engagement with the Staffordshire tile burner. |
| 1849 Clough Amours de Voyage iii. 233 Looking down on the *tile-clad streets. |
| 1707 Mortimer Husb. (1721) I. 78 A sort of yellow *Tile-Clay. |
| 1825 J. Nicholson Operat. Mechanic 714 The copper should be tough cake, and not *tile. 1870 Roskell in Eng. Mech. 18 Feb. 547/3 They are then separated..and worked up to make an inferior quality of copper, known in the trade as ‘tile copper’. |
| 1854 H. Miller Sch. & Schm. (1858) 316 Dingy, low-roofed, *tile-covered hovels. |
| 1591 Percival Sp. Dict., Tejo, a *tile couering. |
| 1866 Mrs. Gaskell Wives & Dau. II. i. 4 He had taken the lead among the neighbouring landowners, when he first began *tile-drainage. 1971 Power Farming Mar. 36/4 First-time sub-soiling over an existing satisfactory tile drainage system. |
| 1844 Stephens Bk. Farm I. 585 The Marquis of Tweeddale..has..*tile-drained extensively. |
| 1830 Cumb. Farm Rep. 67 in Lib. Usef. Kn., Husb. III, The system of *tile-draining is..begun in Ayrshire. |
| 1828 Webster, *Tile-earth, a species of strong clayey earth; stiff and stubborn land. |
| 1882 Ogilvie s.v. Tile-field, The palace of the Tuileries is thus named from standing on what was once a *tile-field. |
| 1849 Dickens Dav. Copp. x, The *tile-floored kitchen. |
| 1950 E. Culbertson Culbertson's Hoyle p. xiii, *Tile Games: Mah Jongg..Dominoes. 1974 Encycl. Brit. Macropædia II. 1149/2 Board and tile games are games played with a number of pieces on a specially constructed or marked board or with marked pieces (tiles) on a tabletop or other flat surface. |
| 1932 Times Lit. Suppl. 7 July 494/3 Suffolk, Essex and Norfolk, counties remarkable for their brick⁓work, *tile-hanging and weather-boarding. 1977 M. Girouard Sweetness & Light viii. 202 Stucco was replaced by red brick and tile-hanging. |
| 1937 Partridge Dict. Slang 886/1 Tile,..extant as *tile-hat, esp. in Glasgow. 1976 C. Bermant Coming Home i. iii. 40 The topper, or a tile-hat as it was known in Scotland..was virtually the badge of office of the Rabbi. |
| 1924 Glasgow Herald 24 Dec. 6 There is something as Christmas-like as snow in the sight of a *tile-hatted gentleman purchasing a sausage-balloon. |
| 1948 J. Betjeman Coll. Poems (1958) 140 Gabled lodges, *tile-hung churches, catch the lights of our Lagonda. 1977 Fedden & Joekes National Trust Guide (ed. 2) v. 375 Filled with brick nogging and tile-hung. |
| 1844 Stephens Bk. Farm I. 188 A tile roof requires *tile-lath, 11/4 inch square, and 11 inches apart. |
| 1851 Richardson Geol. (1885) 448 Ancient reptiles..; their..covering consisted of long, narrow, wedge-shaped, *tile-like, horny scales. |
| 1895 Jrnl. Roy. Inst. Brit. Archit. 14 Mar. 348 The *tile-lined walls of the Alhambra. |
| 1844 Stephens Bk. Farm I. 581 The..*tile-machine..makes tiles at the rate of 10,000 tiles a day. |
| 1591 Percival Sp. Dict., Tejar, a *tile ost. |
| 1823 Ure Dict. Chem. (ed. 2), *Tile ore, a sub-species of octohedral red copper ore. |
| 1535 Coverdale 2 Sam. xii. 31 He broughte them forth..and burned them in *tyle ouens. 1891 in Cent. Dict. |
| 1715 Leoni Palladio's Archit. (1742) I. 27 Square *Tyle-Pavements are more agreeable to the Eye. |
| c 1440 Pallad. on Husb. i. 431 And yote on hit *tyl pauyng playn and stronge. |
| 1849 Ecclesiologist IX. 356 Cylindrical *tile-pipes. |
| 1656 Heylin Surv. France 120 Many lime-kils and *Tile-pits. |
| 1805–17 R. Jameson Char. Min. (ed. 3) 71 *Tile-red is hyacinth-red, mixed with greyish-white... Examples, Porcelain-jasper and zeolite. |
| 1600 Holland Livy xxxvi. xxxvii. 939 Two tame oxen climed up a ladder in the street Carinæ, to the *tyle-roofe of a certaine house. |
| 1962 E. Snow Other Side of River (1963) xxxi. 239 On the Sungari River at Harbin I saw a *tile-roofed structure really elaborate enough to be called a palace. 1977 H. Fast Immigrants ii. 86 Seven thousand dollars for the tile-roofed, tile-floored house..was a tremendous bargain. |
| 1844 Stephens Bk. Farm I. 199 In *tile-roofing, tiles are made on purpose to hold a pane of glass. |
| 1829 Loudon Encycl. Plants (1836) 40 Geissorhiza, *Tile-Root. |
| 1884 Miller Plant-n., *Tile-seed. |
| 1844 Stephens Bk. Farm I. 530 The bricks..could form either a smooth inclined sole like *tile-soles, or a series of steps. |
| 1585 Canterbury Marr. Licences 22 May (MS.), *Tyle-stricker. |
| 1858 Simmonds Dict. Trade, *Tile-tea, a kind of flat brick tea, of much solidity, made in China,..sold to the Armenians and Tartars, who distribute it to the Caucasian provinces and Eastern Siberia... It is..stewed with milk, butter, salt, and herbs, constituting rather an article of food than a..beverage. 1882 Ogilvie, Tile-tea, a kind of inferior tea prepared by stewing refuse leaves with milk, butter, salt, and herbs, and solidifying the mixture by pressing it into moulds. |
| c 1440 York Myst. xiv. (heading) The *tille thekers. |
| 1907 Yesterday's Shopping (1969) 129/1 Bamboo *tile top table..12/4. |
| 1931 ‘G. Trevor’ Murder at School xiii. 253 A sort of lounge, fitted up with *tile-topped tables and deep armchairs. 1979 J. Leasor Love & Land Beyond iii. 52 He sat down at a tile-topped table. |
| 1789 Mrs. Piozzi Journ. France II. 272 The roofs are all wood cut *tile-ways. |
| 1535 Coverdale Isa. ix. 10 The *tyle worcke is fallen downe, but we will buylde it with harder stones. 1865 E. Meteyard Jos. Wedgwood I. 42 The..term of tilework embraced every article manufactured by the Saxon, and later by the Norman Potter. |
| 1882 Ogilvie, Tile-work [? *Tile-works], a place where tiles are made; a tilery. 1891 Cent. Dict., Tile-works. 1906 A. B. Todd Autobiog. vii. 70, I went to labour at the Lanfine tile⁓works. |
| c 1000 Ags. Gosp. Matt. xxvii. 10, & hiᵹ sealdon þæt on *tiᵹelwyrhtena æcyr. 1865 E. Meteyard Jos. Wedgwood I. 93 Every worker in its clays became a tile-wright, whether he moulded tiles, or formed the homely pipkin or porringer, the slab-like dish, or ale-vat for the hall. |
| 1832 Scoreby Farm Rep. 24 in Lib. U.K., Husb. III. The price..at the *tile-yards is from thirty-five to forty-two shillings per thousand. 1848 Dickens Dombey vi, Some very uncomfortable places, such as brick-fields and tile yards. |
▪ II. † tile, n.2 Obs. rare—1.
[ME., ? absol. use of OE. til adj. serviceable, competent, good, excellent.] ? Gain, profit; wealth, possessions, goods.
| c 1250 Gen. & Ex. 1519 An hundred so mikel wex his tile, So may god friðe ðor he wile. |
▪ III. tile, v. (
taɪl)
Also 4–
tyle.
[f. tile n.1; in sense 2, back-formation from tiler 2.] 1. trans. To cover with tiles; to overlay (a floor or roof) or line (a wall, fire-place, etc.) with tiles; in
quot. 1812, to roof.
| c 1375 Sc. Leg. Saints xl. (Ninian) 930 Þar-of eftire, in schort quhile, He gert his quere rycht wele tyle. 1467 in Eng. Gilds (1870) 386 That the owners..tyle the thacched houses. 1591 in Gentl. Mag. (1779) XLIX. 81 Many offices new builded..all which were tyled. 1605 in Willis & Clark Cambridge (1886) II. 494 Thomas Yates to Slate and Tyle y⊇ Kytchen. 1704 N. N. tr. Boccalini's Advts. fr. Parnass. III. 272 My Spanish Palace, which I might easily have Tiled with Massie Gold or Silver. 1812 Bigland Beauties Eng. & Wales XVI. 629 Open hay barns, tiled with slate. 1829 D. Conway Norway 152 Assisting to tile a house. 1901 Westm. Gaz. 10 Jan. 7/3 The tunnels are to be tiled-up. |
b. transf. and
fig. To cover as with tiles; to cover
over, cover
up:
spec. of overlapping leaves, scales, etc. (
= imbricate v. 2).
† In
quot. 1641–2, to place (a thing) upon another so as to cover it.
| 1512 Acc. Ld. High Treas. Scot. IV. 298 To tile the kingis oratour in the Margret schip, xxxv elnis Kendillye. 1641–2 J. Shute Sarah & Hagar (1649) 62 God..hath heaped up blessings upon us; yea, tyled one favour upon another. 1719 London & Wise Compl. Gard. ix. 322 By tyling up, or wrapping about, or Earthing up, or otherwise covering them. 1776 Withering Brit. Plants (1796) III. 783 Sphagnum... Leaves..concave, soft, tiling the branches. 1884 W. K. Parker Mammalian Desct. iv. (1885) 95 The Pangolin is tiled over with patches of cemented hair. |
2. Freemasonry. (Usually
tyle.) To protect (a lodge or meeting) from interruption and intrusion, so as to keep its proceedings secret, by placing a
tiler before the door. Also
transf. to bind (a person) to secrecy; to keep (any meeting or proceeding) strictly secret.
| 1762 Key to Free-Masonry (1776) 4 Master to the Junior Deacon. What is the chief Care of a Mason? Ans. To see that the Lodge is tyled. 1768 T. Wilson Master-Mason (ed. 2) 26 The master asked his brother warden, if he was a mason, if the lodge was tiled from whence he came. 1846 Thackeray Bk. Snobs xxv, Come, come, Snob my boy, we are all tiled, you know. 1859 Sala Tw. round Clock (1861) 308 The doors of those mysterious meeting-places are ‘tiled’ as securely as Freemasons' lodges. 1896 Law Times CII. 123/2 A Parliament chamber [at the Inns of Court] is close tiled, except for purposes of discipline affecting character. |
▪ IV. tile obs. form of
teil, lime-tree,
till v.