re-, prefix
of Latin origin, with the general sense of ‘back’ or ‘again’, occurring in a large number of words directly or indirectly adopted from Latin, or of later Romanic origin, and on the model of these freely employed in English as a prefix to verbs, and to substantives or adjectives derived from these.
In earlier Latin re- was used before consonants, and red- before vowels or h-, as in redīre, redimĕre, redhibēre (rarely in other cases, as in red-dĕre). The latter form appears in Eng. only in a few words which are ultimately of Latin origin, as redeem, redemption, redintegrate. In later Latin the form with d was no longer in use, and re- was employed before vowels as well as consonants, as in reædificāre, reagĕre, reexpectāre, reillūmināre, etc.
In a few words adopted from French the prefix has so coalesced with the main part of the word that its real nature is obscured. In some cases this is due to the combination of re- with another prefix, as ad- (Fr. a-) or in- (Fr. en-). For examples of these types, see ransom, rally, rampart.
2. The original sense of re- in Latin is that of ‘back’ or ‘backwards’, but in the large number of words formed by its use, the prefix acquires various shades of meaning, of which the following are the most clearly marked. a. ‘Back from a point reached’, ‘back to or towards the starting-point’, as in recēdĕre to draw back, recurrĕre to run back, redūcĕre to lead back, referre to carry back, refugĕre to flee back, remittĕre to send back, respicĕre to look back, retrahĕre to pull back, revocāre to call back. Sometimes the sense of ‘backwards’ is also implied, as in resilīre to spring back or backwards. The return of light and sound is expressed in such verbs as relūcēre and renīdēre to shine or flash back, reboāre to bellow back, resonāre to echo, resound. In many cases the idea of force is present, as in reflectĕre to bend back, repellĕre to drive back, reprimĕre to force back, rescindĕre to cut back; hence arises the sense of resistance, as in reluctārī to struggle against, repugnāre to fight against, reclāmāre to cry out against, recūsāre to refuse. Occasionally the sense passes into that of ‘away’, as in removēre to move back or away, revellĕre to pull away or off. b. ‘Back to the original place or position’, as in recondĕre, repōnĕre, restituĕre, etc. to put back, replace; freq. implying ‘back to one's hands or possession’, as in recipĕre to take back, redimĕre to buy back, rependĕre to pay back, resūmĕre to take back. c. ‘Again’, ‘anew’, originally in cases implying restoration to a previous state or condition, and frequently occurring as a secondary sense in verbs of the two classes already mentioned; further examples are recreāre to create again, reficĕre to make again, reformāre to form again, renovāre to make new again, refrīgēscĕre to grow cold again, revirēscĕre to grow green again. This naturally passes into cases where the action itself is done a second time, as recoquĕre to cook or bake again, refricāre to rub again, regenerāre to produce again, retractāre to handle again, etc. This class of words is largely augmented in later Latin, as reædificāre to build again, rebaptizāre to baptize again, etc. Many of these later compounds have been adopted in English, and have chiefly supplied the models for the new formations illustrated in §5. d. In some cases re- has the same force as Eng. un-, implying an undoing of some previous action, as in recingĕre to ungird, reclūdĕre to unclose, to open, refīgĕre to unfix, resignāre to unseal, revēlāre to unveil. More rarely it expresses direct negation, as in reprobāre to disapprove of. e. ‘Back in a place’, i.e. ‘from going forward’, with verbs of keeping or holding, as retinēre to hold back, religāre to tie back or up, refrēnāre to rein back, reprehendĕre to (seize and) keep back; or ‘without going on or forward’ with verbs of rest, as remanēre, residēre, restāre to stay or stop behind, requiēscĕre to stay quiet, etc. Other shades of this sense appear in relinquĕre to leave behind, reservāre to keep back, store up.
Even in Latin the precise sense of re- is not always clear, and in many words the development of secondary meanings tends greatly to obscure its original force. This loss of distinct meaning is naturally increased in English, when the word has been adopted in a sense more or less remote from the strict etymological significance of the two elements which compose it. In many cases the simple word to which the prefix is attached is wanting in English; in others a change of sound or shifting of stress frequently assists in disguising its original sense.
In the Romance languages, as in later Latin, extensive use was made of re- as a prefix in verbs and verbal derivatives, and some of the words thus formed are among the earliest which were adopted in English, the immediate source being OF. To these and later adoptions from French belong many of the commonest words beginning with re-, as rebate, rebound, rebuke, rebut, recoil, redress, refresh, regain, regard, regret, remark, etc.
3. Words formed with the prefix re- first make their appearance in English about the year 1200. In the Ancren Riwle, the first text in which such forms are prominent, there occur recluse, recoil, record, relief, religion, religious, and remission. Towards the end of the century Robert of Gloucester uses rebel, receit, release, relic, relief, remue, repent, restore, revest. In the 14th c. the stock is largely increased, especially in the writings of Langland, Chaucer, Wyclif, and Trevisa, and by the year 1400 the number in common literary use is very considerable. During the 15th c. the additions are of less importance, but about the middle of the 16th an extensive adoption of Latin forms or types begins; the French element at this time is small in comparison, though it includes some important words. Towards the end of the 16th c. re- begins to rank as an ordinary English prefix, chiefly employed with words of Latin origin, but also freely prefixed to native verbs, a practice rare before this period, though Wyclif, Trevisa, and others have renew (after L. renovāre). Such formations, however, are common in Elizabethan writers: Shakespeare has recall, regreet (frequent), relive, requicken, resend, respeak, restem, retell (thrice), and reword, and many others occur in contemporary literature, as rebuild, recast, refind, reflow, regather, etc. Since 1600 the use of the prefix has been very extensive, though the number of individual formations appears to have been smaller in the 18th century than in the 17th and 19th.
The rapidly increasing use of re- in the early part of the 17th c. is strongly marked in the dictionaries of Florio and Cotgrave, both of whom freely invent forms with this prefix to render Italian or French words which begin with it. Many of these reappear at a later date, and most of them might be formed again at any time: the following may be quoted as specimens of those which have obtained little or no currency in later writers.
| 1598 Florio, Rabbellimento, a .. rebeauetifying. Rimeritare, to remerit or deserue againe. 1611 ― Raccordare,..to reaccord. Ricapricciare, to re-affright. Ricombattere, to recombat or fight againe. Ricompire, to recomplish or end againe. Riboccare, to re-enbogue, to re⁓mouth. Rimaledittione, a remalediction. Rimollire,..to remollifie, to resoften. Risperso, resprinckled. Ristoppare, to restop, to stop againe. 1611 Cotgr., Rabuser, to re⁓abuse. Reaffranchi, reaffranchised. Reblandir, to re⁓blandish. Redaigner, to redaign. Rabituer, to..reinure. |
4. a. In English formations, whether on native or Latin bases,
re- is almost exclusively employed in the sense of ‘again’; the few exceptions to this have been directly suggested by existing Latin compounds, as
recall after L.
revocāre. In one or other application of this sense,
re- may be prefixed to any English verb or verbal derivative, as
rearrange,
rearranger,
rearrangement;
reignite,
reignitible,
reignition;
resaddle,
resaddling;
resettlement, etc. In all words of this type the prefix is pronounced with a clear
e (
riː), and frequently with a certain degree of stress, whereas in words of Latin or Romanic origin the vowel is usually obscured or shortened, as in
repair (
rɪˈpɛə(r)),
reparation (
rɛpəˈreɪʃən). In this way double forms arise, with difference of meaning, which in writing are usually distinguished by hyphening the prefix, as
recoil and
re-coil,
recover and
re-cover,
recreate and
re-create. The hyphen is also frequently employed even where there is no doublet, when emphasis is laid on the idea of repetition, as
bind and re-bind, or when the main element begins with a vowel; before
e it is usual to insert the hyphen, as
re-emerge,
re-enter,
re-estimate, the use of the diæresis, as
reëmerge,
reënter, being much less frequent.
There is naturally a greater tendency to give full stress to the prefix when the simple word precedes the compound, as in
make and re-make,
state and re-state; this may also happen, but in a less degree, in cases where
re- does not mean ‘again’, as
act and react.
b. Re- is occasionally doubled or even trebled (usually with hyphens inserted) to express further repetition of an action, but this practice is rarely adopted in serious writing, although
re- is readily prefixed to words of which it already forms the first element, as
re-recover,
re-reform.
| 1778 W. H. Marshall Minutes Agric. 3 April 1775 Re-re-re-tried the drill. Not yet compleat! 1838 Moore Mem. (1856) VII. 218 A late publication (or rather re-re-publication of Bowles's). 1844 Southey Life Andrew Bell II. 483, I have read, re-read, and re-re-read your dedication. 1885 G. B. Shaw Let. 14 Dec. (1965) I. 146, I re-return the cheque, and if you re-re-return it I will re-re-re-return it again. 1922 Joyce Ulysses 526, I rererepugnosed in rererepugnant. 1954 New Biol. XVI. 43 Under the title ‘Vital Blarney’..I reviewed, or to be pedantic I re-re-reviewed, Bernal's book The Physical Basis of Life. |
5. The extent to which this prefix was employed in English during the 19th c., and especially during the latter half of it, makes it impossible to attempt a complete record of all the forms resulting from its use. The number of these is practically infinite, but they nearly all belong to one or other of three classes, which are illustrated by the quotations given below. The first of these is also abundantly represented in formations of the 17th and 18th centuries, which are entered in their alphabetical places.
a. Prefixed to ordinary verbs of action (chiefly transitive) and to derivatives from these, sometimes denoting that the action itself is performed a second time, and sometimes that its result is to reverse a previous action or process, or to restore a previous state of things (
cf. 2 c),
e.g. re-abolish vb.,
re-alliance,
re-apportion vb.,
re-apportionment,
re-bandage vb.,
re-beam vb.,
re-biff vb.,
re-break vb.,
re-cable vb.,
re-calibrate vb.,
re-calibration,
re-canalization,
re-canalize vb.,
re-canvass vb.,
re-carve vb.,
re-centrifuge vb.,
re-certification,
re-certify vb.,
re-chromatograph vb.,
re-chromatography,
re-clean vb.,
re-clone vb. (hence
re-cloning vbl. n.),
re-codify vb.,
re-conceptualization,
re-conceptualize vb.,
re-configure vb.,
re-conscript vb.,
re-contamination,
re-contrast vb.,
re-cool vb. (hence
re-cooling vbl. n.),
re-debit vb.,
re-decontaminate vb.,
re-decontamination,
re-demarcation,
re-differentiate vb.,
re-differentiation,
re-enrich vb.,
re-enrichment,
re-equilibrate vb.,
re-equilibration,
re-estimate vb. and
n.,
re-evocation,
re-exploration,
re-explore vb.,
re-expose vb.,
re-fabricate vb.,
re-feature vb.,
re-fecundate vb.,
re-flush vb.,
re-foliate vb.,
re-foliation,
re-format vb.,
re-forward vb. (hence
re-forwarding vbl. n.),
re-incubate vb.,
re-infarction,
re-initialize vb.,
re-input vb.,
re-intensify vb.,
re-isolate vb.,
re-license vb.,
re-list vb.,
re-lubricate vb.,
re-mapping vbl. n.,
re-nucleation,
re-orchestrate vb.,
re-orchestration,
re-origination,
re-originator,
re-pattern vb. (hence
re-patterning vbl. n.),
re-peg vb. (hence
re-pegging vbl. n.),
re-phosphorylate vb.,
re-pile vb.,
re-postpone vb.,
re-proportion vb.,
re-proportioning vbl. n.,
re-punch vb.,
re-punctuation,
re-rat vb.,
re-recovery,
re-remember vb.,
re-remembrance,
re-riddle vb.,
re-scrutinize vb.,
re-scrutiny,
re-sex vb.,
re-sexing vbl. n.,
re-shade vb.,
re-show vb. (hence
re-showing vbl. n.),
re-stack vb.,
re-stage vb.,
re-structuration,
re-suspend vb.,
re-suspension,
re-suture vb. and
n.,
re-synthesis,
re-synthesize vb.,
re-tailor vb.,
re-target vb.,
re-tightening vbl. n.,
re-time vb.,
re-triangulate,
vb.,
re-triangulation,
re-uptake,
re-walk vb.,
re-winded ppl. a.,
re-zip vb. With nouns of action the force of the prefix may frequently be rendered by ‘second’ or ‘new’, and on the analogy of these words it has sometimes been used in this sense with other
ns., as
re-charter,
re-invoice.
| 1870 Anderson Missions Amer. Bd. III. ix. 135 To induce him to *reabandon his original belief. |
| 1963 Auden Dyer's Hand 461 The distinction between the things of God and the things of Caesar is *reabolished. |
| 1879 Temple Bar Mag. Oct. 252 With a view to their *reacclimatisation in Switzerland. |
| 1856 F. E. Paget Owlet Owlst. 164 Mr. Page was too discreet to *readjudicate the matter. |
| 1885 Law Rep. Weekly Notes 151/2 Each lot will be sold subject to *re-admeasurement. |
| 1847 Webster, *Realliance. 1973 Jrnl. Genetic Psychol. Mar. 137 Their [sc. neo-Freudians'] realliance will contribute something to the explanation of the latter theory. |
| 1883 Knowledge 6 July 6/2 When the metal becomes dull, *reamalgamation is necessary. |
| 1874 Sully Sensation & Intuition 80, I regret having overlooked this *reannouncement of Mr. Bain's views. |
| 1875 N. Amer. Rev. CXX. 103 To *reapportion the supply of labor. 1967 M. E. Jewell Legislative Representation in Contemp. South v. 124 The Kentucky legislature was one of the first to reapportion both houses substantially on a population basis. 1971 C. A. Auerbach in N. W. Polsby Reapportionment in 1970s ii. 90 All state legislatures will be reapportioned according to the principle of one vote, one value. |
| 1884 Fortn. Rev. Nov. 707 The *reapportionment of electoral power. 1931 Times Lit. Suppl. 18 June 476/4 There should be a reapportionment of seats. 1974 Anderson (S. Carolina) Independent 19 Apr. 1 b/1 Members of the House-Senate conference committee asked..for free conference power that would allow them to re⁓write district lines in the House reapportionment bill. |
| 1853 Kane Grinnell Exp. xlii. (1856) 394 Acting as checks or wedges to prevent their *reapposition and cementation. |
| 1821 W. Taylor in Monthly Rev. XCVI. 195 The reexamination and *reappreciation of the assertions. |
| 1880 Nichol Byron 84 His frequent resolutions, made, *re⁓asseverated, and broken. |
| 1802–12 Bentham Ration. Judic. Evid. (1827) III. 285 The force of expansion and contraction (repulsion and *re-attraction). |
| 1920 C. H. Stagg High Speed x. 180 Dan helped him *rebandage his hands. 1979 Sunday Express 28 Jan. 3/8 Within an hour of starting that wound had been stitched and rebandaged. |
| 1826 Disraeli Viv. Grey i. i, ‘I won't have my hair curl’,..*rebawled the beauty. |
| 1919 E. Pound Quia pauper Amavi 16 The infant beams at the parent, The parent *re-beams at its offspring. |
| 1934 Blunden Choice or Chance 53 Ye men of England, hear the clarion. If Inferior nations biff you, them *rebiff. |
| 1869 Eng. Mech. 31 Dec. 389/3 The wax is then..*re-bleached. |
| 1881 Sat. Rev. 24 Sept. 375 A refurbishing and *rebrandishing of weapons. |
| 1805 R. W. Dickson Pract. Agric. II. 943 And when the weather is bad these cocks are never *re-broken out, being only lightened up to let the air pass through them more freely. 1877 Le Conte Elem. Geol. (1879) 8 These..are broken and rebroken until the rock is reduced to dust. 1905 Daily Chron. 31 July 4/7 The leg was badly set, and had to be re⁓broken. 1943 V. Sackville-west Eagle & Dove i. xv. 89 Her left arm..had had to be re-broken and re-set most painfully several times. |
| 1877 Mrs. Oliphant Makers Flor. iii. 74 The *re-bursting forth..of the pacificated cities. |
| 1908 Daily Chron. 7 Apr. 1/7 Chicago, Monday... This afternoon..an alleged interview with Hackenschmidt is *re-cabled from a London newspaper. |
| 1909 Cent. Dict. Suppl., *Recalibrate. 1971 Nature 6 Aug. 391/2 We are currently recalibrating our Dobson ozone spectrophotometers. 1978 Sci. Amer. Feb. 34/3 In the 1980's shuttle-recoverable instruments that can be recalibrated and still better instruments in high orbit may answer the questions. |
| 1911 Webster, *Recalibration. 1977 Nature 6 Jan. 18/1 Node markers..can thus easily be reset by 93 yr periodic recalibration observations of maximum northerly midwinter full moonrise azimuth. |
| 1961 R. D. Baker Essent. Path. v. 82 New blood vessels form in the lumen (*recanalization). |
| 1943 Amer. Speech XVIII. 222 General semantics..is offered as a means of *recanalizing those responses..that cause morbid over-excitation of the nervous system. 1962 Punch 12 Sept. 366/2 Water conservation..to the extent of recanalising the water. |
| 1925 T. Dreiser Amer. Trag. II. iii. xxvi. 329 The twelve men..*re-canvassing for their own mental satisfaction the fine points made by Mason. |
| 1880 E. Oppert Forbid. L. iv. 110 Serious efforts for their recovery or *recaptivation. |
| 1924 J. Masefield Sard Harker 4 Men remembered this rhyme, and pled that it should be *recarven. |
| 1878 Newcomb Pop. Astron. iv. i. 417 Tycho Brahe..*re⁓catalogued the stars. |
| 1956 Nature 7 Jan. 45/2 The homogeneous supernatant was *recentrifuged once or twice. 1976 Ibid. 15 Jan. 114/2 The supernatant was recentrifuged at 20,000g for 10 min. |
| 1885 Law Times LXXIX. 217/2 The effect of *re-certificating a man who has been dishonest. |
| 1976 P. R. White Planning for Public Transport i. 20 Maintenance facilities may be very limited, problems of major overhaul and *recertification being handled by sale of a vehicle to a dealer who provides a reconditioned vehicle in part exchange. 1978 Jrnl. R. Soc. Med. LXXI. 13 Such developments..could be more effective and acceptable than some form of periodic recertification in maintaining standards in practice. |
| 1934 Webster, *Recertify. 1976 National Observer (U.S.) 17 July 11/3 The Israelis were recertifying their credentials as a people of almost unbelievable resourcefulness and courage. 1977 Proc. R. Soc. Medicine LXX. 58/2 Only the American Board of Family Practice is putting the idea into practice by an MCQ recertifying exam from October 1976. |
| 1863 N. & Q. 3rd Ser. III. 218 Jupiter..was *re⁓chiselled into St. Peter. |
| 1945 *Rechromatograph [see rechromatography]. 1948 Amer. Scientist XXXVI. 511 If either of these two zones is cut out, eluted, and rechromatographed on a fresh column, it will form a single zone. 1971 Nature 16 Apr. 456/2 After 24 h dialysis against 0·01 M phosphate buffer..the residual fibre was rechromatographed, the peak fractions were pooled and reduced to a final volume of 1 ml. |
| 1945 Jrnl. Biol. Chem. CLVII. 327 *Rechromatography was usual, especially when two zones were bordering upon one another. In such instances they were cut out as one and rechromatographed. 1950 L. Zechmeister Progress in Chromatogr. xii. 162 The peptides were characterized by the ratio, total nitrogen/amino nitrogen. Such ratios observed were not altered by rechromatography. 1978 Nature 14 Dec. 735/2 Rechromatography on Sephadex G-50 gave only a single peak. |
| 1921 Daily Colonist (Victoria, B.C.) 29 Oct. 8/1 (Advt.), Fine *re-cleaned currants. 1960 Farmer & Stockbreeder 29 Mar. 5/1 The following are wholesale prices for recleaned seed per cwt ex-store unless otherwise stated. |
| 1896 Allbutt's Syst. Med. I. 437 The catheter must be thoroughly *recleansed. |
| 1971 Nature 30 July 313/2 Six clones were mixed (GdH /GdD ), two of these were *recloned, and 106 out of 107 of these sub-clones showed either GdH or GdD while one was again mixed. |
| 1962 Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quantitative Biol. XXVII. 410 *Recloning of these clones gives rise to all converted clones. |
| 1973 Listener 20 Dec. 846/3 We shall not avoid increasing dislocation..unless we can *recodify large areas of international behaviour. |
| 1961 Webster, *Reconceptualization. 1973 Sci. Amer. Sept. 120/2 With a reconceptualization of the hospital as a therapeutic community.., many of the chronic inpatients were able to be returned to the community. 1977 Fontana & Van de Water in Douglas & Johnson Existential Sociol. iii. 126 Understanding the world in this manner demands a thorough-going reconceptualization of our usual notions of truth and progress in knowledge. |
| 1961 Webster, *Reconceptualize. 1977 A. Giddens Stud. in Social & Polit. Theory ii. 118 Let us at this juncture reconceptualize ‘structure’ as referring to generative rules and resources that are both applied in and constituted out of action. |
| 1884 Law Times LXXVII. 331/2 The Divisional Courts have been *re-condemned. |
| 1964 M. McLuhan Understanding Media ii. xxxi. 313 The viewer of the TV mosaic, with technical control of the image, unconsciously *re⁓configures the dots into an abstract work of art. |
| 1946 L. B. Lyon Rough Walk Home 17 Only his singular, *re-conscripted breath Could fan to a purpose all that pyre his death. |
| 1961 Webster, *Recontamination. 1962 Economist 19 May 706/2 The gas must be protected against re-contamination through leaks. 1966 D. G. Brandon Mod. Techniques Metallogr. 187 The gas used must be extremely pure if immediate re⁓contamination of the surface is to be avoided. |
| 1957 R. N. C. Hunt Guide to Communist Jargon xlviii. 160 In connection with the Brest-Litovsk treaty [Lenin] *recontrasted those who were ‘revolutionaries out of sentiment’ with ‘real revolutionaries’. |
| 1934 Webster, *Recool. 1969 Gloss. Terms Water Cooling Towers (B.S.I.) 5 Recooled water temperature, average temperature of the circulating water entering the basin. |
| 1968 C. G. Kuper Introd. Theory Superconductivity v. 93 These nucleation centres are remarkably stable—they often survive the heating of the specimen to room temperature and subsequent *recooling. |
| 1862 T. A. Trollope Marietta II. xii. 205 Corrected and *recorrected sheets. |
| 1860 Farrar Orig. Lang. iii. 60 *Re-corrupted into a purely mechanical word. |
| 1836 Fraser's Mag. XIII. 306 Will the recognition of the independence of Buenos Ayres..*recrowd its abandoned harbours? |
| 1877 Raymond Statist. Mines & Mining 432 Sent back..to the first pair of rolls for *recrushing. |
| 1934 S. W. Rowland Hughes-Onslow's Lawyer's Man. Book-keeping (ed. 3) i. 9 The bank, for its part and from its point of view, credited when the cheque was paid in. Consequently when the cheque is found to be worthless, it *redebits. 1968 Lebende Sprachen XIII. 87/2 The bank may redebit the account. |
| 1827 Southey Hist. Penins. War II. 418 He consented to *re-decimate those on whom the lot had fallen. |
| 1815 Jane Austen Emma i. ix, He re-urged—she *re-declined. |
| 1935 A. P. Herbert What a Word! vi. 187, I do not think that she [sc. the Ship of State] was ever..‘*redecontaminated’. |
| Ibid. i. 21 The answer from high places was: ‘A process of *redecontamination would be advisable.’ 1969 P.E.N. IX. 48 He recalled that at the beginning of the 1939 War the use of the word ‘contaminate’ for a gas attack had seemed comic, particularly when it involved ‘decontamination’ and ‘redecontamination’ stations. |
| 1938 Times 17 Jan. 11/5 The chief violations [of the Soviet constitution] have been the *redemarcation of internal frontiers and the formation of new territorial and administrative units. 1960 Observer 20 Mar. 1/4 The Ghana Government claimed that 14 people arrested last week..had conspired to conduct a campaign of violence and civil disturbance there to provoke ‘foreign intervention’ and the redemarcation of frontiers. |
| 1876 Bancroft Hist. U.S. VI. 572 He *redeserts, and offers to negotiate for return of colonies to allegiance. |
| 1830 W. Taylor Hist. Surv. Germ. Poetry II. 76 [A panegyric which] has not been *redeserved by any subsequent poet. |
| 1862 H. Spencer First Princ. ii. xv. §119 (1875) 335 Meanwhile each of these differentiated tissues is *re-differentiated. 1911 Cornh. Mag. Apr. 497 It is as if John Brown on his death-bed were to have his tissues pass into a state of flux, and then get simpler and simpler, until you would have to say, This is no longer a man, but merely a mass of man's protoplasm, and as if finally this mass were to redifferentiate up again. 1960 New Biol. XXXI. 90 A second possibility is that tissue cells undergo an apparent de-differentiation to form the young regenerate or the bud but, like cells in tissue culture, retain their tissue specificity and later re-differentiate into tissues of the same kind as those from which they came. 1970 Jrnl. Gen. Psychol. LXXXII. 182 He must again re-differentiate these boundaries. |
| 1889 Cent. Dict., *Redifferentiation. 1921 Discovery Feb. 28/2 Such a process, which we may style dedifferentiation followed by redifferentiation, is clear evidence of the possibility of reversing development. 1960 New Biol. XXXI. 89 Some cells..normally change their shapes and functions in the fulfilment of their proper roles in the organism's economy. Such reversible changes have been called ‘modulations’ by Weiss, and the distinction between them and more profound re-differentiations may seem rather arbitrary. |
| 1875 Blackmore Alice Lorraine II. xxiii. 315 The British army,..sternly *redisciplined, was eager to bound forward. |
| 1807 in Spirit Pub. Jrnls. XI. 353 The first expedition..was embarked, disembarked, re-embarked, *re-disembarked, about ten times in ten months. |
| 1811–31 Bentham Logic Wks. 1843 VIII. 261 No counting, no collection, no *re-display, is necessary. |
| 1856 Q. Rev. XCIX. 396 We are not going to *re-dissect the ‘Essais’. |
| 1882 Rep. to Ho. Repr. Prec. Met. U.S. 623 The gold has been *redissolved and reprecipitated. |
| 1872 4th Rep. Dep. Kpr. Irel. 11 The *re-docketing and revival books. |
| 1830 M. Donovan Dom. Econ. I. 87 Malt that has suffered injury..will not be recovered by *redrying it. |
| 1879 Macm. Mag. XL. 135 The opportunities of *re-earning a character. |
| 1811–31 Bentham Logic Wks. 1843 VIII. 225 Recession out of or *re-emanation from it. |
| 1858 Bushnell Serm. New Life 374 The torpid creatures..*re-empowered with life. |
| 1815 Zeluca III. 212 Zeluca devoted all her attention to *re-engrossing him. |
| 1823 Bentham Not Paul 376 Peter imprisoned, enlarged, recommitted, examined, and *reenlarged. |
| 1951 Sci. Amer. Nov. 18/2 The gas is..cycled back into the reservoir several times to be *re⁓enriched. |
| 1976 Ibid. Dec. 33/3 If the uranium is to be returned to the gaseous-diffusion plants for *reenrichment, it is converted into uranium hexafluoride. |
| 1865 Masson Rec. Brit. Philos. 65 Let us *re-enumerate them. |
| 1971 I. G. Gass et al. Understanding Earth i. 27/1 Once an igneous rock has completely solidified, however, the absence of a fluid phase and the reduction of temperature make it very difficult for the minerals to *re-equilibrate to new assemblages which would be stable at lower temperatures. |
| 1869 H. Spencer Princ. Psychol. (1872) I. 283 The *re⁓equilibration of constitution and conditions. 1970 G. Germani in I. L. Horowitz Masses in Lat. Amer. xvi. 591 It satisfied their need for re-equilibration through the emphasis on ‘order, discipline, hierarchy’, and through the demobilization of the lower classes. 1971 I. G. Gass et al. Understanding Earth i. 33/1 The process of re-equilibration..is materially aided by the introduction of water in the environment of weathering. |
| 1851 C. L. Smith tr. Tasso ii. lxxxix, His reasoning in these words he *re-essayed. |
| 1934 Webster, *Re-estimate, v.t. |
| 1952 S. Spender Shelley 44 Not so much a *re-estimate, as a restoring of some sort of balance. 1964 K. G. Lockyer Introd. Critical Path Analysis ix. 89 An alternative is to insert the actual (or re-estimated) times. |
| 1924 S. Joyce in J. Joyce Lett. (1966) III. 104 This *re-evocation and exaggeration of detail by detail and the spiritual dejection which accompanies them are purely in the spirit of the confessional. 1952 C. P. Blacker Eugenics 138 The re-evocation of the repressed memory, though painful like an incision, cured the sufferer. |
| 1812 J. Henry Camp. agst. Quebec 195 It often *re-exhilarates my mind to remember the occurrences. |
| 1804–6 Syd. Smith Mor. Philos. (1850) 282 A writer has no such..power of *re-explaining them. |
| 1977 Proc. R. Soc. Med. LXX. 385/2 One *re⁓exploration was done over the same period as 36 cholecystectomies overall. |
| 1933 Proc. R. Soc. A. CXLII. 350 For this reason we have not *re-explored this region, since we could not hope to detect the presence of groups of such weak intensity. 1977 Proc. R. Soc. Med. LXX. 385/2 Over the same period another 22 patients were reexplored after operation elsewhere. |
| 1946 Nature 28 Dec. 946/1 The slides are located in their former position and *re-exposed. 1950 F. E. Zeuner Dating Past (ed. 2) 264 A Final wet phase, of a very minor character re-exposes by stream erosion the levels containing Middle Stone Age. |
| 1831 T. Hope Ess. Origin Man III. 301 The Portuguese..first made the power of Europe *re-extend over the realms of Asia. |
| a 1942 B. Malinowski Sci. Theory of Culture (1944) 164 In a small farcical form, such a charter has been *refabricated in the Blut und Boden doctrine of modern Naziism. 1976 Dumfries & Galloway Standard 25 Dec. 12/2 The policy favoured at present is to re-process all nuclear fuel in a few politically-stable countries, return the re-fabricated fuel to the country of origin, and retain the wastes for ‘safe’ storage. |
| 1846 Landor Hellenics Wks. 1846 II. 485 With blood enough will I *re⁓fascinate The cursed incantation. |
| 1922 Joyce Ulysses 554 The face of Martin Cunningham, bearded, *refeatures Shakespeare's beardless face. |
| 1957 L. Durrell Justine iii. 199 The resonance of this one phrase *refecundated his powers of feeling. |
| 1898 Mag. Art Feb. 220 Firing and *re-firing the bronze with different acids. |
| 1882 St. James's Gaz. 24 June 11/1 The same offender has..become liable to be *reflogged. |
| 1880 ‘Mark Twain’ Tramp Abroad xlvii. 495 The tints remained during several minutes..paling almost away for a moment, then re-flushing,—a shifting, restless, unstable succession of soft opaline gleams. |
| 1937 Discovery Aug. 246/2 Wintering, *refoliating, flowering, and seeding. 1963 Times Lit. Suppl. 22 Feb. 143/1 The Book of Durrow..was taken to pieces,..rearranged, refoliated, repaired, reconditioned and..superbly rebound. |
| 1956 Nature 31 Mar. 619/2 Oidium heveae is most prominent in Malaya at the time of *refoliation after ‘wintering’ of the trees. 1977 J. L. Harper Population Biol. Plants xii. 398 Defoliation is often complete and is followed by refoliation. |
| 1886 C. Scott Sheep-Farming 200 He quenches his thirst as he *re-fords the stream. |
| 1967 E. R. Lannon in Cox & Grose Organiz. Bibliogr. Rec. by Computer iv. 88 The user may initially employ his own Preprocessor to edit and *reformat his data. 1973 Computers & Humanities VII. 214 The cards were built onto a disk file by a program that reformatted the material into fixed-length records. |
| 1911 Mrs. H. Ward Case of Richard Meynell xxiii. 484 Hester's telegram, sent originally to Upcote and *reforwarded, had reached Meynell in Paris. 1957 M. Lowry Let. 29 Apr. (1967) 407 Your letter of March 12..Cape sent it back to Canada again, so that it had to get reforwarded again from B.C. before I received it. |
| 1947 J. Hilton So well Remembered iv. 265 George's last two letters had never reached Charles... (They did arrive, eventually, after a series of fantastic *re-forwardings.) |
| 1882 Nares Seamanship (ed. 6) 131 *Refurl the sails. |
| 1812 J. Smyth Pract. of Customs (1821) 411 The Warehouse-keeper..issues a Note for *re-gauging in the following form. |
| 1884 Athenæum 9 Feb. 191/3 The *rehanging of the Turner pictures..is now completed. |
| 1853 Clough Poems, etc. (1869) I. 359 note, The word spoom..seems hardly to deserve *re-impatriation. |
| 1962 H. L. Kern et al. in A. Pirie Lens Metabolism Rel. Cataract 386 The lenses were subsequently removed, dipped in saline containing antibiotics, and *reincubated at 37°C. |
| 1863 Sat. Rev. 10 Oct. 497 To *re-indorse old quotations in compliance with custom. |
| 1961 Lancet 22 July 213/2 Absence of *reinfarction. |
| 1972 Computers & Humanities VI. 282 As before, the user must establish output procedures and appropriate tests for upper and lower limits and *reinitialize counters. 1973 C. W. Gear Introd. Computer Sci. vi. 246 It is very easy to make the mistake of transferring back to the start of the loop, forgetting to re-initialize variables when it is required. |
| 1964 C. Dent Quantity Surveying by Computer vi. 88 The items are queried and *re-input, except for zero items, which will not be required to appear in the bill in any case. 1967 J. D. Dews in Cox & Grose Organiz. Bibliogr. Rec. by Computer ii. 24 The tape..can then be corrected and re-input to correct the file. |
| 1872 Bushnell Serm. Living Subj. 281 To be unsphered here and *reinsphered in a promised life. |
| 1826 W. Irving in Life & Lett. (1864) IV. 403, I have, as usual, intended and *reintended to write to you. |
| 1963 Daily Tel. 1 Nov. 14/2 To these torments must be added that of *reintensified bombing. 1967 E. Chambers Photolitho-Offset ix. 133 Reintensify if added contrast is required. |
| 1868 Lyell Princ. Geol. II. iii. xxxiv. 255 Nothing less than the *reintervention of the Deity was thought adequate. |
| 1871 H. Spencer Princ. Psychol. (1872) II. vii. iv. 356 The Space..in which the *re-intuition or imagination of things occurs. |
| 1946 Nature 14 Sept. 379/1 Leaf infection of onion seedlings was obtained by ascospore inoculation, and the fungus was *re-isolated from the lesions. 1977 J. L. Harper Population Biol. of Plants xi. 348 The bacterial agent must be re-isolated from the experimentally infected plant. Ibid., The re-isolated micro-organism and that originally inoculated must be tested for identity. |
| 1934 Webster, *Relicense. a 1974 R. Crossman Diaries (1977) III. 870, I then said that we must break this relicensing operation into two stages. 1977 Times 11 Oct. 4/3 Dr Lemon..did not favour relicensing all pilots who had suffered heart attacks. |
| 1963 Times 29 May 7/2 The practice of ‘stop-listing’, ‘delisting’, and then ‘*relisting’ areas can be a powerful deterrent to industrialists. 1976 Times 25 Oct. 14/7 Save in cases of nullity, the jurisdiction to relist depended on the likelihood of an injustice having been done. |
| 1967 Karch & Buber Offset Processes x. 474 Old grease should be removed and the gears *re-lubricated every one million impressions. |
| 1882 Knowledge No. 16. 332 He..reduces the image..and then shows it by *re-magnification. |
| 1965 G. J. Williams Econ. Geol. N.Z. viii. 99/1 A detailed *remapping of the area will reveal the importance of deep pre-Second Period weathering. |
| 1878 F. S. Williams Midl. Railw. 359 Being *re-marshalled as empties for the down traffic. |
| 1859 F. Mills in Athenæum 9 July 49 Ere the shining valves *remeet. |
| 1881 H. Phillips tr. Chamisso's Faust 19 Thy empty sounds..*Re-mirror all the shadows of thy brain. |
| 1861 Lytton & Fane Tannhäuser 34 That..*Remultiplies the praise of what is good. |
| 1863 Lytton Caxtoniana I. 160 In proportion as he is always *renourishing his genius. |
| 1933 H. G. Wells Shape of Things to Come iii. 261 The need for a planned ‘*renucleation’ in the social magma that arose out of this dissolution. 1934 ― Exper. Autobiogr. II. vii. 481 Socialism, if it is anything more than a petty tinkering with economic relationships is a renucleation of society. |
| 1881 Athenæum 18 June 824/3 A considerable portion of the work was *re-orchestrated. 1901 Westm. Gaz. 13 May 4/3 The ‘Marseillaise’ has just been reorchestrated by order of the Minister of War. 1975 New Yorker 19 May 85/1 It seems to me that the actual personalities and events of the Nez Perce war were possibly even more interesting..than were the respectfully created counterparts..reorchestrated for us today. |
| 1940 L. MacNeice Poems 251 Smuggling over the frontier Of fact a sense of value, Metabolism of death, *Re-orchestration of world. 1975 New Yorker 16 June 97/1 In the late sixties, the opera was quite often given..but always in an edition by Claudio Abbado marred by many cuts, by some reorchestration, and, most gravely, by the recasting of Romeo as a tenor. |
| 1854 Thoreau Walden 163, I occasionally observed that he was thinking for himself and expressing his own opinion, a phenomenon so rare that I would any day walk ten miles to observe it, and it amounted to the *re-origination of many of the institutions of society. |
| 1832 J. S. Mill Let. 22 Oct. in Coll. Wks. (1963) XII. 128 They were the *reoriginators of any belief among us. |
| 1935 L. MacNeice Poems 32 The basic facts *repatterned without pause. |
| 1952 C. P. Blacker Eugenics x. 246 The gene-complex has a holistic or integrative action of its own, a capacity to undergo changes, to adjust itself to a *re⁓patterning of its constituent elements. |
| 1972 Guardian 28 Oct. 24 It is open to Mr Barber..to *repeg the pound at an exchange rate far above the level to which it has now fallen. 1978 N.Y. Times 30 Mar. d1/6 The yen..has actually been revalued upward by 38.43 percent since it was repegged at the Smithsonian rate of 308 to the dollar in December 1971. |
| 1938 Sun (Baltimore) 12 July 14/5 Accompanied by rumors..of a possible ‘*repegging’ at its old ratio of between $4.86 and $4.87, the British pound sterling declined today..to its lowest point in more than a year. |
| 1964 G. H. Haggis et al. Introd. Molecular Biol. vi. 182 (caption) An enzyme at the inner boundary *rephosphorylates the diglyceride to phosphatidic acid, in interaction with ATP. 1965 Phillips & Williams Inorg. Chem. I. xvii. 638 The ADP is then rephosphorylated via various sugar-phosphates and the oxidation of glycogen. |
| 1890 Anthony's Photogr. Bull. III. 400 *Re-photographing this positive and ruled screen together. |
| 1877 Nature 27 Sept. 468/2 In *repiling and reheating this iron several times this defective appearance is gradually removed. 1947 Penguin New Writing XXX. 104 The lame boy stayed behind and helped me re-pile the tins. |
| 1884 St. Nicholas XI. 379 They begin at once to *repitch their tent. |
| 1823 in Spirit Pub. Jrnls. 112 The..monopolist slowly and blankly *repocket-booked his authorities. |
| 1956 D. Gascoyne Night Thoughts 37 To swell the roar that rises with each climax *repostponed. |
| 1882 Floyer Unexpl. Baluchistan 83 The wheat thus pounded was *re-pounded and sifted. |
| 1828 Lights & Shades II. 87, I heard a shot..and saw a fellow with his gun *reprepared. |
| 1813 T. Busby Lucretius II. iv. Comm. xxviii, Before the sound can be *re-propagated from that point. |
| a 1878 Sir G. Scott Recoll. iii. (1879) 172 *Re⁓proportioning it with reference to its earlier form. 1967 Karch & Buber Offset Processes iv. 125 Modification is possible to condense, expand,..reproportion height and width. |
| 1969 P. L. Berger Rumor of Angels v. 121 The openness and the *reproportioning this attitude entails have a moral significance, even a political significance, of no mean degree. |
| 1857 Toulmin Smith Parish 136 Its adoption cannot be *re⁓proposed under a year's time. |
| 1838 Civil Eng. & Arch. Jrnl. I. 194/2 At noon the *repuddling was completed. |
| 1833 Keble in Newman's Lett. (1891) I. 453 Their continual puffing and *repuffing each other. |
| 1963 Rep. Comm. Inquiry Decimal Currency xiv. 138 Ancillary machine costs:..*re-punching card and tape records. 1965 Math. in Biol. & Med. (Med. Res. Council) ii. 48 A start has now been made on re-punching the British Columbia marriage records for 1946–55 in a form suitable for testing such a system. |
| 1887 G. B. Shaw Let. 7 Feb. (1965) I. 162 The American printer..has taken upon himself the *repunctuation of ‘Cashel Byron’. 1966 Mod. Lang. Q. Sept. 256, I was, I believe, responsible for most of the detailed examination of poems in A Survey of Modernist Poetry—for example showing the complex implications of Sonnet 129 before its eighteenth-century repunctuations. |
| 1804 E. de Acton Tale without Title III. 87 ‘Then you think..that Mr. Conyers is to be married to-morrow!’ *requestioned Mrs. Lambert. |
| 1807 J. Barlow Columb. viii. 323 To tongue mute misery, and *re-rack the soul With crimes. |
| 1815 Mary Frampton Jrnl. (1885) 246 If [Talleyrand] has refused to *re-rat. 1975 D. W. S. Hunt On Spot iv. 54 As I heard him say over the lunch table once, ‘to rat is difficult; to re-rat..’ and he broke off as though to show that to find a description of a second change of party was beyond even his eloquence. |
| 1860 Capt. Denham in Merc. Marine Mag. VII. 263 [We] *re-rated chronometers. |
| 1891 H. Spencer Justice 54 This violent reaction will be followed by a *re-reaction. |
| 1864 Pusey Lect. Daniel iii. 136 Its provinces rebelled, and *re-rebelled. |
| 1882 H. S. Holland Logic & Life (ed. 3) 129 In token of his *re-recognised allegiance. |
| 1938 Times 22 Jan. 5/1 The prospects of a *re-recovery in the United States. |
| 1837 Gen. P. Thompson Exerc. (1842) IV. 248 We must have a *re-reformed one. |
| 1810 Southey in Q. Rev. III. 451 No expression of regret escapes the *re-regenerated sinner. |
| 1884 H. Spencer in Contemp. Rev. July 30 A very reasonable rejoinder this seems until there comes the *re-rejoinder. |
| 1922 Joyce Ulysses 671 With greater difficulty remembered, forgot with ease, with misgiving *reremembered. |
| 1923 D. H. Lawrence Birds, Beasts & Flowers 24 For we are on the brink of *re-remembrance. |
| 1861 Wheat & Tares 284 He would repent and *re-repent, and die the same. |
| 1891 H. Spencer Justice 47 Such acts of revenge and *re-revenge. |
| 1878 Newcomb Pop. Astron. iii. ii. 268 We can even see the *re-reversal of the lines already reversed. |
| 1922 Joyce Ulysses 133 But my riddle! he said. What opera is like a railway?—Opera? Mr. O'Madden Burke's sphinx face *reriddled. |
| 1875 Ruskin Fors Clav. l. V. 29 Needlessly *re⁓rooting myself in the old [ground]. |
| 1897 P. Warung Tales Old Regime 148 The Comptroller *re-scans the parchment and the application-form. |
| 1973 Nature 6 Apr. 377/1 The role of postgraduate students may well be *rescrutinized. |
| 1963 Punch 6 Feb. 182/3 The whole business..deserved *re-scrutiny. |
| 1809 Char. in Ann. Reg. 734/1 An incessant succession of conscious sensations of *re⁓sensations. |
| 1863 Q. Rev. Jan. 172 Only seventy-five..were *resentenced to the convict prisons. |
| 1884 Harper's Mag. Aug. 431/1 Henry has..*resepulchred the Confessor's bones. |
| 1869 Bushnell Wom. Suffrage v. 89 The *re-sexing of their sex, they knew to be impossible. 1955 Auden Shield of Achilles ii. 45 Re-sex the pronouns, add a few details. |
| 1951 L. MacNeice tr. Goethe's Faust i. 14 The little god of the world, one can't reshape, *reshade him. |
| 1865 Dickens Mut. Fr. i. ii, He *re-shakes hands with Twemlow. |
| a 1849 J. C. Mangan Poems (1859) 128 When spring *reshowers her beams on the plains. |
| 1961 Webster, Reshow. 1976 Times Lit. Suppl. 21 May 620/5 Pabst's maligned film, which is still frequently *reshown. 1977 Listener 24 Mar. 385/2 Most programmes are not re-shown. |
| 1976 K. Benton Single Monstrous Act iii. 17 Let's go and see that film at the local. It's a *re-showing of The Godfather. |
| 1820 Coleridge Lett. (1895) II. 709 A horrid appetite of *re-skinning himself. |
| 1873 Bennett & ‘Cavendish’ Billiards 6 When the red was holed it was *re⁓spotted. |
| 1822–34 Good's Study Med. (ed. 4) IV. 534 The superincumbent hairs falling off and never *resprouting. |
| a 1849 Poe Man that was used-up Wks. 1864 IV. 323 Presently *re-squeaked the nondescript. |
| 1841 Civil Engin. & Arch. Jrnl. IV. 341/2 Scintling (removing and *restacking the bricks in the hacks). 1892 Daily News 26 Feb. 5/7 A patch of brickwork, six feet by three feet, had been taken out of the chimney to be re-stacked. |
| 1923 Daily Mail 30 May 7 The combat will be *restaged at the forthcoming pageant. 1929 Daily Express 16 Jan. 6 A famous comedian..suddenly decided to alter his programme and not restage his old, worn-out material. |
| 1854 J. Scoffern in Orr's Circ. Sc. Chem. 490 The copper leaves, by further *restratification, may be entirely converted into sub-carbonate. |
| 1859 R. F. Burton Centr. Afr. in Jrnl. Geog. Soc. XXIX. 112 The fields had been stripped and *restripped by every passing caravan. |
| 1848 Lytton K. Arthur ii. lxxxv, He spreads it out..Strokes and *restrokes it. |
| 1962 M. Cook tr. Dia's Afr. Nations & World Solidarity ix. 97 It will be vain to hope for a profound change toward a progressive economy..without a bold *restructuration incompatible with an exaggerated desire to spare the former capitalist structures. 1970 B. Brewster tr. Althusser & Balibar's Reading Capital (1975) iii. iii. 259 Reproduction appears to be the general form of permanence of the general conditions of production, which in the last analysis englobe the whole social structure, and therefore it is indeed essential that it should be the form of their change and restructuration, too. 1972 Times 26 June 12/4 The restructuration of a basic sector of European economy. |
| 1895 G. Macdonald Lilith xlii. 311 Rushing..to *resubmerge the orchard valley. |
| a 1831 A. Knox Rem. (1844) I. 62 *Re-submitting to the long dissolved chains. |
| 1818 Bentham Ch. Eng. 236 The accession of Elizabeth, and the *re-substitution of the Protestant system. |
| 1865 Mrs. Whitney Gayworthys xxv, A certain quick spasm of keen *re-sufferance came over her. |
| 1900 Daily News 27 Sept. 7 The Count..is hard at work directing the repairs to the airship, which has already been *resuspended. 1946 Nature 5 Oct. 486/2 The mixture is..re-suspended in saline to give a concentration of 2–5 per cent. 1976 Nucl. Engin. Internat. Nov. 37/2 Eventually the Pu settles to the ground and may be resuspended by being blown up by winds. |
| 1884 Pall Mall Gaz. 16 Oct. 5/2 The Exchequer, however, is still in want of funds, and the *resuspension is expected before long. 1978 Nature 27 Apr. 754/2 The lack of response to fire in the pollen input could be due to..the resuspension and resedimentation which occurs in the lakes. |
| 1884 Practitioner XXXIII. 289 (heading) *Resuturing of granulating wounds. 1901 Brit. Med. Jrnl. 2 Feb. 263/1 Should any difficulty be met with in replacing the bowel, the opening can be enlarged and then resutured without causing any weakening in the lower part of the abdominal wall. |
| 1961 Lancet 19 Aug. 402/2 After *resuture of the wound the patient's general condition gradually improved. 1977 Ibid. 1 Jan. 28/1 One of these is abdominal wound disruption—a complication fatal at worst and a serious nuisance at best, for, should all go well directly after resuture, there is both a prolonged hospital stay and a much increased risk of incisional hernia. |
| 1888 A. S. Wilson Lyric of Hopeless Love 171 My fancy's wings *Resweep Hellenic plains. |
| 1862 Macm. Mag. Nov. 24 One kind of Anagram noticed by Mr. Wheatley..is that which arises not from the rearrangement or transposition of letters, but only from their redivision or *resyllabification. |
| 1927 Haldane & Huxley Animal Biol. v. 120 The actual process of contraction may have an efficiency of 90 to 100 per cent., but an amount of energy greater than the work done in contraction is wasted as heat during the *re-synthesis of the lactic and phosphoric acids, so that the whole process has an efficiency of only about 40 per cent. 1956 Nature 7 Jan. 22/2 There is little to support the notion that phospholipids act as intermediates in the resynthesis of triglycerides during fat absorption. 1978 Ibid. 12 Oct. p. ix/1 (Advt.), Components of cells in all living organisms undergo continual breakdown and resynthesis. |
| 1928 A. B. Callow Food & Health 21 The fats are split up into their component parts, fatty acids and glycerol. These substances are absorbed by certain body⁓cells and again *resynthesized into fats. 1964 G. H. Haggis et al. Introd. Molecular Biol. v. 137 All cells require new proteins during growth and division, and are subsequently constantly resynthesizing their enzymes and other proteins. |
| 1928 Daily Express 9 Aug. 14/1 (Advt.), O'coats turned and *retailored. 1949 M. Mead Male & Female xii. 260 The reactionary and the cynic make common cause in suggesting that..laws and ideals should be re-tailored to recognize the deviations and discrepancies between ideal and practice. 1977 Times 27 Apr. 23/8 On the bonus side value-added tax machinery is retailored to harmonize with EEC directives. |
| 1966 Aviation Week & Space Technol. 18 Apr. 31 This was the *retargeted date after the March 30 attempt. |
| 1894 Baring-Gould Deserts S. France I. 169 Grottoes..have been *retenanted. |
| 1860 Merc. Marine Mag. VII. 141 Their being..*re-tested when returned into store. |
| 1894 Baring-Gould Kitty Alone III. 95 The pros and cons were thrashed and *re-thrashed. |
| 1851 C. L. Smith tr. Tasso xix. xxvi, Then thrust his sword and *re-thrust. |
| 1893 Pall Mall Gaz. 25 Jan. 7/1 The wedding of the Princess Sophie to the Crown Prince of Greece implied a further *re-tightening of the bonds of friendship between Copenhagen and Berlin. 1960 Times 1 June 18/7 But the production as a whole needs re-timing. |
| 1967 Karch & Buber Offset Processes x. 468 The sheets should be ½ inch away from the guides at this point. If not, the feeder must be *retimed to the press. |
| 1864 Spectator 440 That he only sent the reports back for the Inspectors to *re-tinker. |
| 1852 R. S. Surtees Sponge's Sp. Tour (1893) 59 He was toasted and *re-toasted, and toasted again. |
| 1839–48 Bailey Festus xxiii. (1848) 298, I now *retrack my course to earth. |
| 1816 W. Taylor in Monthly Mag. XLI. 143 Echo *retrampling every gritty tread. |
| 1977 Dædalus Summer 109 He persuaded the Survey of India to *retriangulate part of the region. |
| 1927 Blackw. Mag. Feb. 256/1 It would mean the *retriangulation of the whole area, and endless delays and doubts as to the fixing of the position of soundings already taken off the coast. 1975 J. B. Harley U.S. Maps i. 7 Supplementary work on the retriangulation continues. |
| 1879 Mrs. A. G. F. E. James Ind. Househ. Managem. 18 They can be more easily altered and *re-trimmed. |
| 1833 J. Rennie Alph. Angling 66 The hairs..must be *retwisted. |
| 1882 H. De Windt Equator 126 To *re-undergo fresh sufferings. |
| 1881 Times 5 Apr. 9/5 The *re-unification of Afghanistan. |
| 1974 M. C. Gerald Pharmacol. v. 101 Norepinephrine is taken back into the presynaptic neurons (*re-uptake process), thus removing it from the receptor area. 1977 Lancet 21 May 1081/1 The amount of catecholamine entering the blood is dependent upon a complex process of neuronal release and reuptake into nerve terminals. |
| 1885 Sir C. S. C. Bowen in Law Times Rep. LII. 289/1 *Reventilating the question of domicile. |
| c 1864 E. Dickinson Bolts of Melody (1945) 246 One *rewalks a precipice. 1969 J. T. Burtchaell Catholic Theories of Biblical Inspiration since 1810 vii. 303 The individual Christian can and certainly should rewalk the route from paganism to Christ. |
| 1815 in J. Smyth Pract. of Customs (1821) 330 Returned Goods may be *re-warehoused. |
| 1874 Raymond Statist. Mines & Mining 179 The *rewelding..costs on an average $10. |
| 1877 G. M. Hopkins Poems (1967) 68, I hear the lark ascend, His rash-fresh *re-winded new-skeinèd score In crisps of curl. |
| 1970 ‘D. Halliday’ Dolly & Cookie Bird xi. 168 He..pulled back a zipper..*re⁓zipped it. 1974 ‘M. Underwood’ Pinch of Snuff xi. 97 Brian watched him re-zip the bag. |
b. Prefixed to verbs and
ns. which denote ‘making (of a certain kind or quality)’, ‘turning or converting into ―’,
esp. those formed on
adjs. by means of the suffix
-ize,
e.g. re-brighten vb.,
re-catholicization,
re-centralization,
re-civilianization,
re-civilianize vb.,
re-institutionalization,
re-institutionalize vb.,
re-modernize vb.,
re-phonemicization,
re-phonologization,
re-phonologize vb.,
re-popularize vb.,
re-solemnize vb.,
re-stabilization,
re-Stalinization,
re-Stalinize vb.,
re-standardization,
re-sterilization,
re-sweeten vb.,
re-vascularization,
re-vascularize vb.,
re-volatilization.
| 1830 Edin. Rev. LI. 497 The required discipline of *re⁓Americanization. |
| 1885 Coupland Spirit Goethe's Faust v. 107 Faust must perforce become *reanimalized. |
| 1825 New Monthly Mag. XVI. 478 The church..*rebourbonized, and reconventualized. |
| 1925 E. Sitwell Poetry & Crit. 23 Miss Stein..breaks down the predestined groups of words..; then she *re⁓brightens them,..and builds them into new and vital shapes. |
| 1870 Eng. Mech. 11 Mar. 637/2, I know this to be a good receipt for *rebrowning gun barrels. |
| 1852 Meanderings of Memory I. 21 O too *rebrutalized! oh too bereaved! 1885 Coupland Spirit Goethe's Faust v. 106 It is the aim of the Devil..to rebrutalize him. |
| 1949 Scottish Jrnl. Theol. II. 241 The pressure for visible unity, for a *recatholicisation of the Churches, has..[come] from the ‘evangelical’ movements burdened with fulfilling the mission of the Gospel to the whole world. |
| 1925 Glasgow Herald 5 Oct. 11 Only Scotland and the Northern (Newcastle) [administration] will continue to function, but the official policy is definitely *recentralisation because of the enormous fall in the volume of the work. 1957 C. P. McVicker Titoism p. x, Decentralization as Re-centralization. 1967 Economist 14 Oct. 149/2 There is not necessarily a contradiction between the drive for reform and the temporary re-centralisation of investment policy, plus a restrictive incomes policy. |
| 1947 Manch. Guardian 18 July, Certain foreigners are eligible for ‘*recivilianisation’. |
| 1962 S. E. Finer Man on Horseback xi. 190 How far it is possible for a military régime, starting with quasi-civilian institutions,..ultimately to *re-civilianize itself. Ibid. 197 Could the régime not pass..from a quasi-civilianized military régime..to a re-civilianized one? What would be the criteria of such re-civilianization? Ibid. 198 In both these cases it has taken a long time for the ‘re-civilianization’ to take root. |
| 1851 Art. Jrnl. Illustr. Catal., Science of Exhib. iii. p. x*/1 Pressing it in moulds..and *re-coking it with care. |
| 1895 J. Winsor Mississ. Basin 310 This journal..was..later *re-Englished by another hand. |
| 1894 C. L. Johnstone Canada 48 The duty of *refertilising the land. |
| 1881 Athenæum 17 Sept. 363/3 The *re-Hellenization of the country by the Byzantine emperors. |
| 1978 Sci. Amer. Feb. 50/2 Most patients are placed in nursing homes.., a process the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare has labeled ‘*reinstitutionalization’, since most homes have more than 100 beds (and yet offer only custodial care). |
| 1976 Guardian Weekly 14 Nov. 7/2 The first task of the Carter administration must be to *reinstitutionalise American foreign policy. |
| 1890 Earle Eng. Prose 421 They have been refashioned, respelt, *relatinized. |
| Ibid., ‘*Relatinization’ provokes cavil. |
| 1804 J. Larwood No Gun Boats 29 The uncassocked Prelate in his now *re-layman'd ministerial capacity. |
| 1973 Courier & Advertiser (Dundee) 7 Aug. 1/3 (Advt.), *Remodernised 4-apartment house. 1976 S. Wales Echo 27 Nov. 9/4 (Advt.), Remodernised fur coats. |
| 1892 Howells in Harper's Mag. Mar. 641 To *reobjectivize the phenomenon of their recurrence. |
| 1951 Z. S. Harris Methods in Structural Linguistics ix. 93 The following not infrequent situation is also a special case of resegmentation of a segment for purposes of *rephonemicization. |
| 1972 R. Jakobson in A. R. Keiler Reader in Hist. & Compar. Linguistics 135 Within the framework of an isolated functional dialect, one cannot speak either of an increase or a reduction of a phonological system, but only of a restructuring, that is, of its *rephonologization. |
| 1975 Amer. Speech 1971 XLVI. 266 Change cannot be incorporated within Saussurian idealized homogeneity of structure; that does not change, it is merely *rephonologized. |
| 1906 Westm. Gaz. 11 Aug. 12/2, I do not intend to *repopularize the stereoscope. 1959 I. & P. Opie Lore & Lang. Schoolch. ii. 38 The following favourite accumulates on the principle of ‘The House that Jack built’. It was repopularized by the American folk-singer Burl Ives in 1953, but had been current in Britain for anyway forty years before his visit. |
| 1809 W. Taylor in Robberds Mem. II. 273 The army..will be *reroyalized. |
| 1893 J. Pulsford Loyalty to Christ II. 298 Selfish, until it becomes *reselfed in God. |
| 1949 ‘J. Nelson’ Backwoods Teacher xvi. 173 There before an assemblage they wrote their names in the Bible and took each other for better or worse—the same to be *re-solemnized later when the preacher should come through. 1953 P. L. Fermor Violins of Saint-Jacques 28 A phoenix's funeral that was resolemnised each evening. |
| 1921 Nineteenth Cent. Feb. 231 A disastrous blow to the *restabilization of Europe. 1958 A. J. Toynbee East to West xxv. 75 The population started to increase at an accelerating rate (it is still increasing today, though re-stabilization is now in sight). |
| 1956 Washington Post 19 Nov. a21/1 Even today, after the unspeakable horror of the blood bath in Hungary, the betting is still somewhat against a ‘*re-Stalinization’. 1974 R. J. Osborn Evolution Soviet Politics v. 195 Just as with Khruschev's anti-Stalin campaign, Brezhnev's cautious but firm ‘re-Stalinization’ has been a weapon for dealing with current problems. |
| 1968 Russian Rev. XXVII. 309 All this evidence might appear to be leading to the conclusion that the party leadership is trying to *re-Stalinize, but is forced to proceed very gradually in the face of opposition. |
| 1911 Webster, *Restandardization. 1938 Mind XLVII. 103 It is to be urgently hoped that a similar restandardization will be attempted for the present scale. 1952 C. P. Blacker Eugenics 204 The Pintner-Patterson scale (1917) and the Arthur Performance scale, the latter a restandardization of ten of the tests used in the former, are now in common use. |
| 1899 Pop. Sci. Monthly Nov. 57 Unscrupulous manufacturers..*resterilize the cans with their contents. |
| 1900 A. H. Buck Ref. Handbk. Med. Sci. (ed. 2) I. 567/2 The best silk sponges are expensive so that *resterilization would be necessary. |
| 1966 Auden About House 29 Shrines..Rose again *Resweetened the hirsute West. |
| 1924 Jrnl. Path. & Bacteriol. XXVII. 205 *Revascularisation of the lobule takes place. 1954 Martin & Hynes Clin. Endocrinol. (ed. 2) i. 4 If the grafts were placed at a distance away from the portal trunks revascularization from other vessels was not followed by active function. |
| 1963 Lancet 12 Jan. 89/2 Given sufficient time..dead bone can become *revascularized, and a case that starts off as a non-union with no callus can ultimately unite. 1971 Nature 23 July 279/2 The question of how skin grafts are revascularized is still not resolved. |
| 1866 Q. Jrnl. Geol. Soc. XXII. 441 The volatile matters removed by distillation..have found a reception where no *revolatilization could occur. 1938 R. W. Lawson tr. Hevesy & Paneth's Man. Radioactivity (ed. 2) xviii. 170 The condensation and revolatilization of bismuth hydride. |
| 1882 Athenæum 18 Nov. 667/1 This deposit of the foreign metal may..be *revolatilized. |
c. Prefixed to verbs and
ns. which denote fitting, furnishing, supplying, or treating with something,
e.g. re-cane,
re-fenestrate,
re-lampshade,
re-litter,
re-mine,
re-neck,
re-pew,
re-staff,
re-washer vbs. (Frequent in technical use.)
| 1886 Willis & Clark Cambridge I. 184 The interior of the Chapel was refitted in 1717 and its exterior *reashlared. |
| 1871 Figure-Training 54 The staymaker should be directed to take out all the bones first and to *rebone them again afterwards. |
| 1862 Times 22 Nov. Advt., Lamps *rebronzed, regilt, and repaired. |
| 1859 R. F. Burton Centr. Afr. in Jrnl. Geog. Soc. XXIX. 212 The central channel must be *rebridged with branching trees. |
| 1971 Islander (Victoria, B.C.) 16 May 5/4 There was also a small chair that went with the set but he was having the seat *re-caned. |
| 1879 F. W. Robinson Coward Consc. i. vi, *Re-chalking his cue. |
| 1970 H. Braun Parish Churches xvii. 214 Few early churches escaped being at least in part *refenestrated during the High Gothic era. 1971 Country Life 3 June 1366/3 He did not make great changes..other than to refenestrate the east and south sides. |
| 1918 A. Bennett Roll-Call i. ii. 24 The lampshade craze increasing in virulence, they had between them *re-lampshaded the entire house. |
| 1886 Willis & Clark Cambridge I. 513 The glazier..was engaged to *relead them. |
| 1884 R. F. Coffin Old Sailor's Yarns x. 105 To *releather the parral of the main royal-yard. |
| 1884 Manch. Exam. 15 Oct. 5/4 Renaming and *relettering the streets of Paris with Republican signs. |
| 1775 W. H. Marshall Minutes Agric. (1778) sig. D3, Shovelling the gangways, and *re-littering them with long dung. 1960 Farmer & Stockbreeder 16 Feb. 145/3 The whole place is then thoroughly cleaned,..and rested a week before being re-littered. |
| 1917 J. Masefield Old Front Line iii. 38 It was all mined, countermined, and *re-mined. |
| 1967 Guardian 2 Mar. 6/6 A genuine theorbo, built as a lute in 1584 and *renecked in 1730. 1978 Early Music Oct. 531/2 It seems to have been cut down all round and re-necked in the 18th century to make a seven-string viol. |
| 1857 Trollope Barchester T. (1861) 204 Should the bishop now be *repetticoated. |
| 1839 F. Witts Diary 20 May (1978) 160 The church has been recently *repewed with deal. 1884 S. J. Reid Life Syd. Smith ii. 46 The Chapel has been repewed. |
| 1865 Carlyle Fredk. Gt. ix. vii. (1872) III. 132, I *re⁓powdered her myself, and readjusted her dress a little. |
| 1884 Bee-keeping 24, I *re-queened all my stocks..with Ligurians. |
| 1875 Bedford Sailor's Pocket Bk. v. (ed. 2) 151 The means of *re-quicksilvering its reflectors. |
| 1852 J. Wiggins Embanking 113 The contractors had to strip the sod..and *resoil and resod. |
| 1893 F. C. Selous Trav. S.E. Africa 118, I had all the tools..necessary for *re-spoking it. |
| 1898 Westm. Gaz. 4 Apr. 7/2 The hospital committee accepted the resignation, and a special meeting has been called to consider the subject of *restaffing the institution. 1898 Daily News 16 Apr. 9/5 The Management Committee..decided to close the Institution..and restaff the place with as little delay as possible. |
| 1884 Manch. Exam. 3 May 3/7 Venetian blinds can be *retaped and made equal to new. |
| 1883 Manch. Guard. 12 Oct. 4/3 Putting yarn in a damp cellar..and then *re-ticketing it. |
| 1845 E. Warburton Crescent & Cross I. 166 Re-dressed, *re-turbaned, and re-seated on my carpet. |
| 1960 Times 16 Sept. 13/5 Recently a tap over a wash hand basin in my office..required *re-washering. Ibid., The local water company re-washer water taps free of charge in order to save water. 1974 J. Wainwright Evidence I shall Give xx. 92 The handman who re-washers a tap. |
______________________________
Add:
[5.] [c.] re-keyboard v.| 1967 Karch & Buber Offset Processes iv. 79 A key is then punched, which makes the carriage move to the left, and the entire line is *re-keyboarded. 1984 Dictionaries vi. 162 Rather than type copy on typewriters, which must be rekeyboarded to transcribe it into machine-readable form, these editors now keyboard directly onto floppy disks. |