cider
(ˈsaɪdə(r))
Forms: α. 4 sidir, sidre, sidur, sydir, sydur, sydyr, cidre, 4–7 sider, 5 sidere, cedyr, 5–8 syder, 6 sydre, cydar, 6–7 sydar, 6–9 cyder, 7 cidar, (cidyer), 6– cider. β. 4 siþer, syþere, sither(e, sithir, cither, cyther, 4–5 syther.
[ME. sidre, siþer, etc., a. OF. sidre (now cidre), corresp. to It. sidro, cidro; Sp. sidra fem., OSp. sizra. Although the phonetic history of the word in Romanic presents difficulties, there can be no doubt that it represents late L. sicera (med.L. cisara, cisera), Gr. σίκερα, a word used by the LXX, the Vulgate, and Christian writers to translate Heb. shēkār intoxicating liquor, ‘strong drink’, of the O.T., f. shākar to drink deeply or to intoxication. It is not clear where or how the phonetic change from sicera to sidra took place; but perh. the intermediate link was sizra (sitsra, sidzra): cf. F. ladre from Lazarus. In common use cidre had already acquired the sense of ‘fermented drink made from apples’ before it was taken into English. But the earlier sense of ‘strong drink’ generally was retained in translation of, and allusions to, the Vulgate; and in this sense the word had often forms much nearer to the Latin, as ciser, cisar, cyser, seser: these forms are not used in the sense ‘cider’: see sicer.]
1. a. A beverage made from the juice of apples expressed and fermented. Formerly including fermented drinks prepared from some other fruits.
| c 1315 Shoreham 8 Inne sithere, ne inne pereye. 1398 Trevisa Barth. De P.R. xix, liii. (1495) 894 Hony cometh of floures, sidre of frute, and ale of corne. c 1440 Promp. Parv. 64 Cedyr drynke, cisera. 1464 Mann. & Househ. Exp. 184 He hathe ȝeven me a tone of syder. 1576 Foxe A. & M. i. 260/1 This ague he [K. John] also encreased..by eating Peaches and drinking of new Ciser, or as we call it Sider. a 1626 Bacon New Atl. 5 A kind of Sider made of a Fruit of that country. 1663 Boyle Usefulness Exper. Philos. ii. 175 'Tis known, that Sydar, Perry, and other Juyces of Fruits, will afford such a spirit. 1708 J. Philips Cyder 11, My mill Now grinds choice apples and the British vats O'erflow with generous cider. 1714 Fr. Bk. of Rates 36 Beer, Syder, or Perry, per Ton 01 06. 1767 T. Hutchinson Hist. Prov. Mass. i. 57 A barrel full of cyder. 1848 Macaulay Hist. Eng. I. 614 Hogsheads of their best cyder. 1875 Jevons Money (1878) 6 The farm labourer may partially receive payment in cider. |
† b. Formerly used in Biblical passages, or allusions to them, alongside of
ciser,
cisar,
cyser, etc., to render L.
sicera of the Vulgate ‘strong drink’.
Obs. (See
sicer.)
| a 1300 Cursor M. 12679 (Cott.) þis iacob..Iesu broþer..he dranc neuer cisar [v.r. ciser, sider, cidre] ne wine. 1382 Wyclif Judg. xiii. 4 Be war thanne, lest thou drynke wyn and sither [1388 sydur]. Ibid. Prov. xxxi. 6 Ȝiueth cither [1388 sidur] to mornende men. Ibid. Luke i. 15 He schal not drynke wyn and sydir [v.r. cyser, cyther; 1388 sidir]. 1483 Caxton G. de la Tour L iij b, He shold drync no wyn ne no maner of syther. 1497 Bp. Alcock Mons Perf. E j 3 Saynt John Baptyst, which ete neuer flesshe, dranke no wyne nor cydre. |
2. attrib. and
Comb., as
cider-apple,
cider-barrel,
cider-bibber,
cider-counties,
cider-country,
cider-fruit,
cider-maker,
cider-making,
cider-orchard,
cider-tree;
cider-and (
colloq.), ‘cider mixed with spirits or some other ingredient’ (Davies) (?
obs.);
cider brandy, a kind of brandy distilled from cider;
cider cart U.S. (see
quot.);
cider-cellar, a cellar in which cider is stored; name of a drinking-shop and place of entertainment in Maiden-lane, London;
cider-cup, a beverage consisting of cider sweetened and iced, with various flavouring ingredients;
cider-house, a building in which cider is made;
cider-man, one who makes or sells cider;
cider-marc [see
marc], the refuse pulp, etc., left after pressing apples for cider;
† cider-master, a manufacturer of cider;
cider-mill, a mill in which apples are crushed for making cider;
cider oil U.S., cider that has been concentrated by boiling or freezing; concentrated cider with infusion of honey;
cider press, a press in which the juice of the crushed apples is expressed for cider;
cider-pressings n. pl., the pulp, etc., left after expressing the juice for cider;
cider royal U.S. = cider oil;
cider vinegar, a vinegar produced by the acetification of cider;
cider-wring = cider-press.
| 1742 Fielding J. Andrews i. xvi, They had a pot of *cyder-and at the fire. Ibid., Smoaking their pipes over some Cyder-and. |
| 1875 Ure Dict. Arts I. 1019 The best situations for the growth of the *cyder apple. |
| 1841–4 Emerson Ess. Poet. Wks. (Bohn) I. 160 The *cider-barrel, the log-cabin. |
| 1866 Miss Thackeray Vill. Cliff xvi, The old *cider-bibbers at Pélottiers. |
| 1703 J. More Eng. Interest (ed. 2) ii. §6. 27 The most Stale and Sowr Cyder..will make the..best tasted Brandy, being twice Distill'd. Of this *Cyder-Brandy I have kept some, four Years. 1723 J. Nott Cook's & Confect. Dict. No. 141 C To make Cider Brandy, or Spirits. 1845 S. Judd Margaret i. vii. 42 Distilleries for the manufacture of cider-brandy. 1859 Bartlett Dict. Amer. (ed. 2), Apple Brandy, a liquor distilled from fermented apple-juice; also called Cider Brandy. |
| 1877 Southern Hist. Soc. Papers III. 17 The passage of a *cider-cart (a barrel on wheels) was a rare and exciting occurrence. |
| 1823 Blackw. Mag. XIII. 514 At *cider-cellar hours, when that famed potation-shop was in its days of glory. |
| 1855 Macaulay Hist. Eng. xxiv, The lucrative see of Worcester was vacant; and some powerful Whigs of the *cider country wished to obtain it for John Hall. |
| 1851 London at Table iii. 51 *Cider Cup,..cider..soda water..sherry..brandy..lemon..sugar and nutmeg. 1876 Besant & Rice Gold. Butterfly xliii. 328 He drank some cider-cup. |
| 1669 Worlidge Syst. Agric. (1681) 111 There cannot be an over-stocking of the Country with them, especially of *Syder-fruits. |
| 1848 Macaulay Hist. Eng. (1889) I. iii. 166 Worcester, the queen of the *cider land. |
| 1671 H. Stubbe Reply 17 From his own *Cider-maker. |
| 1664 Evelyn Kal. Hort. (1729) 216 September..*Cider-making continues. |
| 1706 Lond. Gaz. No. 4287/4 Richard Peake, late of London, *Cyderman. |
| 1675 Evelyn Terra (1776) 63 [A] bed of *Cyder-marc, rotten fruit and garden offal. |
| 1664 ― Pomona Gen. Advt. (1729) 94 Care is taken by discreet *Cider-Masters. |
| 1688 Lond. Gaz. No. 2374/4 Mr. George Brown *Sider-Merchant at the *Sider-Mill in High Holborn. |
| 1846 H. H. Brackenridge Mod. Chivalry (rev. ed.) I. xxiii. 115 She ordered him a pint tumbler of *cider oil, with powdered ginger, to warm his stomach. 1859 Bartlett Dict. Amer. (ed. 2), Cider Oil, cider concentrated by boiling, to which honey is subsequently added. |
| 1673 in Essex Inst. Hist. Coll. L. 28 In the Little chamber a great Tray a trough a *syder presse. 1676 Beal in Phil. Trans. XI. 584 The Cider-mill, or Cider-press invented by Mr. Hook. 1879 R. J. Burdette Hawk-Eyes 70 The sound of the cider press ceased not from morning even unto the night. |
| 1664 Evelyn Kal. Hort. (1729) 225 Sow..Pomace of *Cider-Pressings to raise Nurseries. |
| 1684, 1707 *Cider royal [see royal a. 15 b]. 1828 T. Flint Geogr. Mississippi Valley I. 235 What is called ‘cider royal’ or cider, that has been strengthened by boiling, or freezing. 1837 A. Wetmore Gaz. Missouri 290 The disturber known in..Pennsylvania [as].. ‘cider royal’, and by the Indians appropriately named ‘fire-water’. |
| 1530 Palsgr. 270 *Sydre tree, pommier. |
| 1851 C. Cist Cincinnati 251 But there is a good deal of *cider vinegar made. 1858 Simmonds Dict. Trade, Cider-vinegar, vinegar made in Devonshire and America from refuse cider. 1917 Jrnl. Chem. Soc. CXII. i. 313 The volatile reducing substances in cider vinegar consist largely, if not wholly, of acetylmethyl carbinol, which is shown to be a normal constituent of this vinegar. 1937 Discovery Sept. 280/1 In the cider-drinking West Country much cider vinegar is found. |
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N. Amer. A non-alcoholic beverage made from unfermented (and usually unfiltered) apple juice.
In early use not always easily distinguishable from sense a.
| 1846 Ohio Repository 10 Dec. 3/1 Filter fresh cider through a layer of sand and charcoal laid on a blanket... This preserves cider sweet longer than any other mode we know of. 1874 Scribner's Monthly Feb. 487/2 They associate [Sunday school]..much more intimately with cider and hickory nuts than with the catechism. 1927 Oakland (Calif.) Tribune 27 Nov. 5/3 (caption) Country children love cider. 1945 This Week Mag. 15 Dec. 2/2 Cookies, molasses candy, popcorn balls and cider were brought out. 2007 Seattle Times (Nexis) 13 May a1 It's easier and cheaper to buy apple juice from Chinese concentrate than cider pressed from apples in Wenatchee. |