immuno-
(ɪˈmjuːnəʊ, ˈɪmjuːnəʊ)
used as comb. form of immune a., immunity, immunology, and related words. (In the following words secondary stresses are in general left unmarked, since they vary in the manner indicated above.)
immuno-assay (ɪmjuːnəʊˈæseɪ), a bio-assay performed by means of immunological methods; immunobiˈology = immunology (see quot. 1970); so immunobioˈlogic, -bioˈlogical adjs.; immunoˈchemistry, chemistry as applied to immunology; the chemistry of immunological phenomena; so immunoˈchemical a., of or pertaining to immunochemistry; using the methods of immunochemistry; immunoˈchemically adv.; immunoˈchemist, a student of or expert in immunochemistry; immunodeˈficiency, a reduction in the normal immune defences of the body or in some necessary component of the immune system; freq. attrib.; hence immunodeˈficient a.; immunodiˈffusion, diffusion of immunologically active substances; a technique for investigating antigens and antibodies by observing any precipitates that may form when initially separate portions of them are allowed to intermingle by diffusion through a gelatinous or other medium; immuno-eˌlectrophoˈresis, a technique for characterizing the proteins in a mixture (such as serum) by first separating them by electrophoresis and then subjecting them to immunodiffusion (in the same or a different medium); so immuno-eˌlectrophoˈretic a., -phoˈretically adv.; immunofluoˈrescence, a method of demonstrating antibodies (or antigens) in microscopic preparations by introducing corresponding antigens (or antibodies) labelled with a fluorescent dye; fluorescence emitted by such preparations; so immunofluoˈrescent a., of, pertaining to, or involving this method; immunogeˈnetic a., of or pertaining to immunogenetics; so immunogeˈnetically adv.; immunogeˈnetics, the related study of immunology and genetics, either as a branch of genetics in which immunological methods and knowledge are employed, or as the study of the genetic aspects of immunological phenomena and substances; immunohæmaˈtology (U.S. -hematology), the immunology of the blood; so immunohæmatoˈlogic, -ˈlogical adjs.; immunopaˈthologist, a student of or expert in immunopathology; immunopaˈthology, the pathology of the immune response; the study of immunological phenomena and substances in relation to pathology; hence immunopathoˈlogic, -ˈlogical adjs.; immunoprophyˈlaxis, the prevention of disease by immunization; so immunoprophyˈlactic a., of or pertaining to immunoprophylaxis; n., an agent that prevents (a) disease by producing immunity; immunosuˈppressant, an agent which has an immunosuppressive effect; also attrib.; immunosuˈppressed a., (of an individual) rendered unable to react immunologically to an antigen; immunosuˈppression, the suppression of the immune response of an organism; immunosuˈppressive a., suppressing the immune response of an organism; immunosympaˈthectomy [-ectomy, used loosely], the destruction of many of the sympathetic ganglia of a new-born animal by injection of an antiserum for the appropriate nerve growth-factor; so immunosympaˈthectomized ppl. a., treated in this way; immunoˈtherapy, treatment of disease by the production of immunity (whether by the introduction into the individual of appropriate antibodies, etc., or by the stimulation in it of an immune response); immunotransˈfusion, the transfusion of blood which has been previously immunized against the recipient's infection.
| 1959 Nature 21 Nov. 1648/2 We have previously reported on the immuno-assay of beef insulin. 1969 R. Hall et al. Fund. Clin. Endocrinol. xiv. 258/1 The hormone that reacts with anti-insulin serum in the immunoassay technique for insulin accounts for only a small part of the total ILA in plasma. |
| 1930 Jrnl. Amer. Med. Assoc. 12 Apr. 1188/2 [tr. a Finnish title] Immunobiologic conditions in tuberculosis. 1959 Biol. Abstr. XXXIII. 1822/1 A few statements on the reflex mechanism of immunobiological processes. 1966 E. D. Day Found. Immunochem. vii. 87 One definition [of hapten] is immunobiological. |
| 1957 (title) Journal of microbiology, epidemiology and immunobiology. 1970 Alexander & Good Immunobiol. for Surgeons i. 1 In its older and classical meaning, it [sc. immunology] was the study of immunity, the processes by which oganisms defend themselves against infection... More recently, cellular immunity has been recognized as being important in processes which have to do with recognition phenomena, self-characterization, growth and development, heredity, aging, cancer, and transplantation. With this expansion, immunology has exceeded the limits of its original meaning, and immunobiology has become a preferable term for this expanding field. |
| 1925 C. H. Browning Immunochem. Stud. 15 The immunochemical properties of serum. 1948 Kabat & Mayer Exper. Immunochem. i. 5 The application of immunochemical methods has extended far beyond the study of immunity to disease and has become a valuable tool in the characterization of proteins and polysaccharides. 1960 Jrnl. Immunol. LXXXV. 37 (heading) Immunochemical studies of human serum Rh agglutinins. 1961 Webster, Immunochemically. 1966 Lancet 31 Dec. 1435/1 In certain human antiserums, dog insulin is immunochemically distinguishable from pork insulin although both have the same aminoacid sequence. |
| 1948 M. Heidelberger in Kabat & Mayer Exper. Immunochem. p. vi, The immunochemist is in possession of a store of marked molecules, antigens and antibodies, each as distinctively marked with respect to the other as if it contained a radioactive tracer element. 1970 Nature 18 July 229/2 Immunochemists from ten laboratories cross matched almost seventy antibodies to the proteins of the vertebrate eye lens when an international working party on crystallin immunochemistry met in..Edinburgh University. 1971 Nossal & Ada Antigens, Lymphoid Cells, & Immune Response i. 2 The key discoveries about lymphocytes and antibody-producing cells..have been less fully digested by immunochemists. |
| 1907 S. Arrhenius Immunochem. p. vii, I have given to these lectures the title ‘Immuno-chemistry’, and wish with this word to indicate that the chemical reactions of the substances that are produced by the injection of foreign substances into the blood of animals, i.e. by immunisation, are under discussion in these pages. 1956 Nature 3 Mar. 426/2 Virulent and protective avirulent strains have been studied comparatively by the methods of immunology, immunochemistry and biochemistry. 1970 Immunochemistry [see immunochemist above]. |
| 1969 Biol. Abstr. L. 10692/2 The immunological distinction between cellular and humoral immunity furnishes, for the immuno-deficiency diseases, a convenient and logical classification based on immunological data, evolution and phylogenetics. 1983 Oxf. Textbk. Med. I. iv. 44/2 Selective IgA deficiency is the most common immunodeficiency. |
| 1971 Jrnl. Pediatrics LXXIX. 642 (heading) Vaccine-related paralytic poliomyelitis in an immunodeficient child. 1976 Nature 27 May 313/1 Both the SV40-transformed mouse cell lines..and the hybrid clones are tumorigenic in immunodeficient ‘nude’ mice. |
| 1959 Nature 30 May 1512 (heading) Cellulose acetate as a medium for immunodiffusion. 1966 Lancet 24 Dec. 1403/2 A technique of immunodiffusion of serum through agar gave a sensitive and fairly accurate measure of the concentrations of the three main classes of immune globulins. 1971 Nature 8 Jan. 119/2 Antibody studies were made using immunodiffusion techniques set up with cerumen suspensions and with IgA and IgG antibody. The IgA or IgG antibody was then placed in the centre well; diffusion was allowed to take place..and precipitin lines were recorded. |
| 1958 Federation Proc. XVII. 530/2 (heading) Starch gel immunoelectrophoresis. 1964 G. H. Haggis et al. Introd. Molecular Biol. ii. 25 (caption) The identification of protein fractions present in human plasma using immuno⁓electrophoresis. 1968 H. Harris Nucleus & Cytoplasm v. 104 The antigens..were isolated as antigen-antibody complexes by immuno-electrophoresis. |
| 1955 Williams & Grabar in Jrnl. Immunol. LXXIV. 158 (heading) Immunoelectrophoretic studies on serum proteins. 1970 J. T. Barrett Textbk. Immunol. v. 114 A valuable modification of gel precipitation tests is the immunoelectrophoretic procedure of Grabar and Williams. |
| 1961 A. J. Crowle Immunodiffusion iv. 101 According to Ryback (1959), plasmin exists immunoelectrophoretically as two zones in the beta region. |
| 1960 Jrnl. Biophysical & Biochem. Cytol. VII. 43 (heading) Observations of measles virus infection of cultured human cells. I. A study of development and spread of virus antigen by means of immunofluorescence. 1961 Lancet 16 Sept. 663/2 The nuclear immunofluorescence obtained with heated and unheated sera was compared. 1971 tr. K. Federlin's Immunopath. Insulin 32 In direct immunofluorescence, the tissue is first covered with a layer of labelled antibody or antigen, then freed from the uncombined agent by several washings, and finally mounted with a coverslip. |
| 1959 Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. CI. 289 (heading) Quantitative determination of infectious units of measles virus by counts of immunofluorescent foci. Ibid. 290/2 The cells were..prepared for immunofluorescent microscopy. 1970 Harris & Sinkovics Immunol. Malignant Dis. i. 37 Other immunofluorescent studies by Morton have demonstrated antibodies to osteosarcoma in the serum of patients with this tumor. |
| 1936 Irwin & Cole in Jrnl. Exper. Zool. LXXIII. 85 (heading) Immunogenetic studies of species and of species hybrids in doves. 1970 W. H. Hildemann Immunogenetics iii. 86 The newest area in which immunogenetic characterization of microorganisms has provided substantial insights involves the many viruses capable of inducing cancer. Ibid. vii. 224 (heading) Immunogenetic concepts of cancer and aging. 1971 Nature 12 Nov. 103/1 The paternal strains, A/J and A2G respectively, are immunogenetically identical at the major H-2 histocompatibility locus. |
| 1947 M. R. Irwin in Adv. Genetics I. 133 The term ‘immunogenetics’ was proposed by the author some years ago to designate studies in which the technics of both genetics and immunology were employed jointly... The term indicates the study of genetic characters as yet only detectable by immunological reactions. 1965 P. L. Carpenter Immunol. & Serol. (ed. 2) ix. 265 The use of serologic techniques in genetics is expanding. Genes control the formation of antigenic substances, so detection of antigens provides an objective and useful tool for study of genes. The term immunogenetics is applied to this field of research. 1971 J. A. Bellanti Immunol. iii. 60 Immunogenetics includes all those processes concerned in the immune response which may have a genetic basis. In the past, the term has been largely restricted to mean genetic markers on immunoglobulin polypeptide chains. |
| 1954 Amer. Jrnl. Clin. Path. XXIV. 1333 It is just 50 years ago that the first immunohematologic test was introduced by Donath and Landsteiner. 1959 H. S. Lawrence Cellular & Humoral Aspects Hypersensitive States v. 133 (heading) Immunohematologic disease. 1967 Biol. Abstr. XLVIII. 172/2 (heading) Significance of immuno⁓hematological methods of investigation. |
| 1950 Brit. Med. Jrnl. 16 Sept 673/1 (heading) Immuno-haematology. 1954 Amer. Jrnl. Clin. Path. XXIV. 1334 Serologic technics applied to the study of diseases of blood added up to what is called immunohematology, a separate and distinct subdivision of hematology... Immunohematology encompasses diseases of blood of which the causes, the pathogenesis, or the clinical manifestations have been shown to be determined by an antigen–antibody reaction. 1972 Immunohematology [see isoagglutinogen s.v. iso-]. |
| 1960 Federation Proc. XIX. 208/2 (heading) An immunopathologic study of avian nephrotoxic nephritis in the rabbit. |
| 1959 Grabar & Miescher Immunopath. 17 Attention has been focussed on the immunopathological consequences of leucocyte isoantigens. Ibid. 41 Much data of interest to immunopathologists. 1970 Nature 19 Sept. 1196/2 Studies on the amino-terminal sequences of a number of myeloma and pathological immunoglobulin chains also evoked much interest among the immunopathologists. |
| 1959 Grabar & Miescher Immunopath. 13 Immunopathology presumably covers all immune phenomena associated with general pathology—the majority of the reactions of course being physiogenic and beneficial to the host—others again being inconsequential or even harmful. 1971 K. Federlin (title) Immunopathology of insulin. |
| 1960 Biol. Abstr. XXXV. 168/2 (heading) Poliomyelitis: the present status of some epidemiological and immunoprophylactic problems. 1964 D. F. Gray Immunol. x. 95 Immuno-prophylactic procedures include not only the long-term protection afforded by active immunization against a number of the epidemic and endemic diseases to which urban man is prone, but also short-term passive protection against immediately anticipated infection. 1972 Lancet 21 Oct. 876/1 Administration of b.c.g. to mice who no longer have palpable disease does not prolong their life... This is true whether or not b.c.g. had been given as an immunoprophylactic. |
| 1964 Canad. Jrnl. Public Health LIII. 346 (heading) Advances in the immunoprophylaxis of smallpox. Ibid., In the last twenty years progress in this field [sc. smallpox] has been less dramatic than in other fields of immunoprophylaxis of virus diseases, such as poliomyelitis or measles. 1972 Lancet 21 Oct. 875/2 (heading) Immunoprophylaxis and immunotherapy of leukæmia with b.c.g. |
| 1965 Jrnl. Immunol. XCV. 1019/1 Immunosuppressant compounds such as chloramphenicol.., actinomycin D.., 6-mercaptopurine..and corticosteroids. 1970 M. C. Vale tr. Nezlin's Biochem. Antibodies v. 282 One of the most active immunosuppressants is cyclophosphamide. |
| 1967 Jrnl. Nat. Cancer Inst. XXXVIII. 754/1 Pretreatment..with this alkylating agent resulted in..increased growth and earlier tumor deaths in the immunosuppressed animals. |
| 1965 Jrnl. Immunol. XCV. 1019/1 The mechanism of acriflavine-induced immunosuppression remains unknown. 1968 New Scientist 13 June 557/1 Reports of increasing success in combating graft rejection, following improvements in tissue typing and immunosuppression. |
| 1963 New England Jrnl. Med. CCLXVIII. 1315 (heading) Prolonged survival of human-kidney homografts by immunosuppressive drug therapy. 1968 Observer 5 May 3/3 To stem any rejection of the new heart, Mr West is now receiving immuno suppressive treatment with a drug. 1970 Balner & Beveridge Infections & Immunosuppression Subhuman Primates 194/2 Most of the immunosuppressive agents currently in use are entirely non⁓specific, that is to say they depress all aspects of immune reactivity and thereby the immunological defences against infectious microorganisms as well. |
| 1961 Levi-Montalcini & Angeletti in Kety & Elkes Regional Neurochem. vii. 369 The injected and untreated animals did not differ from each other. Immunosympathectomized mice became pregnant, nursed and took care of the litter as controls. 1964 Nature 26 Dec. 1315/1 ‘Immunosympathectomized’ rats, in which extensive irreversible atrophy of the peripheral sympathetic system is produced by injecting, during the first few days of life, an antiserum to nerve growth factor.., appear healthy, grow, reproduce and have normal gastro-intestinal function. |
| 1962 Internat. Jrnl. Neuropharmacol. I. 163 Immunosympathectomy performed in newborn mice, results in a striking depletion of NA in the heart of the same adult animals. 1972 J. B. Martin in Steiner & Schönbaum Immunosympathectomy xii. 196 The use of immunosympathectomy in analyzing the importance of adrenergic innervation of individual glands is limited to some degree by the incomplete effect produced by the antisera to nerve growth factor. Thus, immunosympathectomy should be valuable in investigations of the role of sympathetic innervation of those glands (pineal, pituitary, thyroid) in which denervation is nearly complete. It is of limited use in studies of the abdominal glands or genital tract. |
| 1913 R. L. Crockett in N.Y. State Jrnl. Med. XIII. 213/2 For some time I have been trying to discover what place (if any) vaccine therapy or, as I prefer to call it—immuno-therapy—had in the branches to which I limit my practice. 1937 Jrnl. Amer. Med. Assoc. 19 June 2171 Further investigations on active immuno⁓therapy of whooping cough. 1969 Daily Colonist (Victoria, B.C.) 9 Oct. 40/4 He said immunotherapy—injection of materials into the body to stimulate development of tumor-resistant anti-bodies—had been successful with eight of his patients. 1971 J. A. Bellanti Immunol. xix. 510 Immunotherapy is passive immunization through the use of serum or gamma globulin which confers temporary protection to one host by the introduction of antibodies actively produced in another. |
| 1919 A. E. Wright in Lancet 29 Mar. 500/2 The therapeutic method here employed is..a combined method of serum therapy and transfusion. We may perhaps call it ‘immuno-transfusion’. 1941 Kolmer & Tuft Clin. Immunol. x. 256 To increase the amount of protective antibody in the donors's blood, the donor may be injected with vaccine prior to the withdrawal of his blood. This type of transfusion is referred to as immunotransfusion. |
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Add:
immunoˈcompetence Physiol., the condition of functioning adequately as regards immune response.
| 1966 Jrnl. Immunol. XCVII. 828 (heading) *Immunocompetence of transferred thymus-marrow cell combinations. 1974 Sci. Amer. Apr. 45/2 The maturation of immunocompetence in an environment that is usually regarded as sterile may represent a protective mechanism. |
hence
immunoˈcompetent a.| 1967 Jrnl. Immunol. XCIX. 150 (heading) Regenerative potential of *immunocompetent cells. 1976 Nature 13 May 139/1 Immunoincompetent thymocytes, which themselves are precursors of functionally mature, immunocompetent T cells. 1988 M. Bishop Unicorn Mountain xxvi. 273 ‘What was wrong with all the other animals—unicorns—that didn't pull through?’.. ‘They weren't as tough or as immunocompetent.’ |
immunoˈcompromised a. Path., (of a patient) having an impaired immune system,
esp. as a result of illness.
| 1974 Amer. Jrnl. Dis. Children CXXVII. 592/1 The enhanced risks of infection in *immunocompromised individuals are well recognized. 1989 D. Leavitt Equal Affections ii. 173 You take a woman in her sixties, immunocompromised, and..I wouldn't have put money on her getting this far. |
immunodeˈpressant n. (and
a.)
Physiol., an agent which depresses the immune response; also
attrib. or as
adj.| [1967 Farmakologiya i Toksikologiya XXX. 361 (heading) Immunodepressantȳ.] 1969 Archivum Immunologiae et Therapie Experimentalis (Warsaw) XVII. 507 Both criteria, i.e. cellular and metabolic, were used to assess the effectiveness of *immunodepressant drugs. 1975 Sci. Amer. Nov. 72/3 Patients treated with immunodepressants so that they can tolerate an organ transplant. |
immunodeˈpression Physiol., the depression of the immune response of an organism.
| 1966 Jrnl. Nat. Cancer Inst. XXXVII. 505 (heading) Age-dependent tumor-host barrier and effect of carcinogen-induced *immunodepression on rejection of isografted methylcholanthrene-induced sarcoma cells. 1977 Lancet 10 Dec. 1209/2 Recently it has been shown that immunodepression caused by potent carcinogen (1,2-dimethylhydrazine) in rats can be abolished by phenformin. 1989 Veterinary Immunol. & Immunopath. XXI. 99 Susceptibility to immunodepression by FLC seems to be controlled not only by loci that regulate leukemogenesis but also by independent genes. |
hence
immunodeˈpressed a.| 1971 Tumori LVII. 227 The group of *immunodepressed mice were divided into two subgroups of 18 animals. 1983 Oxf. Textbk. Med. I. v. 10/2 Interferon increases the resistance of immunodepressed patients to herpes and cytomegalovirus infections. |
immunodeˈpressive a. Physiol., depressing the immune response of an organism.
| 1965 Jrnl. Nat. Cancer Inst. XXXV. 885 (heading) *Immunodepressive effect of 3-Methylcholanthrene. 1989 Vet. Immunol. & Immunopath. XXI. 97 The main purpose of the early studies was to establish whether the immunodepressive effect of oncogenic retroviruses was a prerequisite for the full expression of their tumorigenic potential. |
immunosuppressive a.: also as
n., an immunosuppressive drug.
| 1967 Adv. Immunol. VI. 125 For several years dozens of alkylating agents were developed for cancer chemotherapy, and many of these were also tested as immunosuppressives. 1987 Oxf. Textbk. Med. (ed. 2) II. xviii. 153/2 Cyclosporin..must be recommended over conventional immunosuppressives although it has a high cost. |