chapel

▪ I. chapel, n.
    (ˈtʃæpəl)
    Forms: 3–4 chapele, 4–6 -elle, 4–7 -ell, 3– chapel; also 4 chapaile, 5 -ylle, schapell(e, 6 chappelle, -ylle, capell, cappell, 6–8 chappel(l.
    [ME. chapele, a. OF. chapele (in ONF. capele, Pr. capella, It. cappella):—late L. cappella, orig. little cloak or cape, dim. of cappa, cloak, cape, cope (see cap). From the cappella or cloak of St. Martin, preserved by the Frankish kings as a sacred relic, which was borne before them in battle, and used to give sanctity to oaths, the name was applied to the sanctuary in which this was preserved under the care of its cappellani or ‘chaplains’, and thence generally to a sanctuary containing holy relics, attached to a palace, etc., and so to any private sanctuary or holy place, and finally to any apartment or building for orisons or worship, not being a church, the earlier name for which was oratorium, oratory.
    The chief data for the history are: the Monk of St. Gall (Vita Car. Magn. i. 4) ‘Quo nomine Francorum reges propter capam St. Martini sancta sua appellare solebant’; a charter of Childebert a.d. 710 (Mabillon De Re Dipl.) containing ‘in oratorio suo seu capella S. Marthini’. In the capitularies of Charles the Great (cap. v. 182) c. 800 it is used of chapels in or attached to palaces; the Laws of the Lombards (iii. iii. 22) have ‘ecclesiae et capellæ quæ in vestra parochia sunt’.
    Cappella was generally spelt capella in med.L.; the true form is evidenced not only by It. cappella, but even more by the persistence of -ap- in Fr. and of -p- in the other langs. Capella would have become in F. chevelle; as capillos, caprum, capistrum become cheveux, chevre, chevétre.]
    1. gen. A sanctuary or place of Christian worship, not the church of a parish or the cathedral church of a diocese; an oratory. (In earlier times always consecrated, and having an altar; in modern use not necessarily so.)

a 1225 St. Marher. 20 Hwa so omi nome makeð chapele oðer chirche. c 1275 Lay. 26140 He lette þar arere ane chapel [c 1205 chireche] mære. a 1300 Cursor M. 27198 In kyrcgarth, chapell or kyrk. a 1300 K. Horn 1380 Horn let wurche Chapeles and chirche. 1485 Malory Arthur (1868) xvi. i. 378/1 They entered into the chapel, and there made their orisons a great while. 1590 Spenser F.Q. i. i. 34 There was an holy chappell edifyde, Wherein the Hermite dewly wont to say His holy thinges. a 1617 Bayne On Eph. i. (1643) 13 Where God hath His Church, we say, the Devill hath his Chapell: so on the contrary, where the Devill hath his Cathedrall, there God hath his people. 1626 Bacon Sylva §249 The Room is a Chappel or small Church. 1644 Direct. Publ. Worship Ordinance 2 In any church or chappell. 1857 Stanley Mem. Canterb. i. 19 The first object that would catch their view would be the little British chapel.

fig. 1340 Ayenb. 56 Þe tauerne ys þe scole of þe dyeule..and his oȝene chapele þer huer me deþ his seruese.

    2. spec. A private oratory or place of worship. a. A room or building for private worship in or attached to a palace, nobleman's house, castle, garrison, embassy, prison, monastery, college, school, or other institution.

1297 R. Glouc. (1724) 472 Thulke prelat solde in is [the king's] chapele ichose be. c 1330 Amis & Amil. 2342 Sir Amis lete him ly alon, And into his chapel he went anon. 1360–80 Wyclif Wks. (1880) 65 Ȝif þei [lordes & ladies] holden wiþ goddis tresour curatis in here worldly seruyce or chapellis. c 1420 Anturs of Arth. xxxv, Ther-inne was a schapelle, a chambur, and a halle. 1654 Evelyn Diary July 12 Thence we went to New College [Oxf.] where the Chapel was in its ancient garb, notwithstanding the scrupulositie of the times. a 1672 Wood Life (1848) 11 He was buried..in the north part of Merton Coll. outer-chappell or church. 1673 Ray Journ. Low C. 20 The Chappel of the Jesuites College. 1726 Ayliffe Parerg. 165 Domestick Chapels..built by Noblemen and others for the private Service of God in their Families..are not consecrated. 1764 H. Walpole Castle Otr. (1791) 3 The company was assembled in the chapel of the Castle. 1876 Gwilt Archit. 1003 King's College Chapel, Cambridge, has no side aisles, but in lieu of them are small chapels between the buttresses. 1880 Shorthouse J. Inglesant ix. (1883) 95 Service was sung daily in all the Chapels. 1887 Morley Crit. Misc., Pattison III. 156 He read the service in chapel when his turn came.

    b. An oratory in a mausoleum, burial vault or aisle (sepulchral chapel, or mortuary chapel), or elsewhere, having an altar at which masses might be chanted for the souls of the deceased (chantry chapel). Hence, a cell or compartment of a cathedral or large church (usually in the aisle, and originally often sepulchral), separately dedicated and containing its own altar. lady-chapel, a chapel dedicated to the Virgin, often situated eastward of the high altar in a cathedral church. (See lady.)

c 1330 R. Brunne Chron. (1810) 22 Þer þei fond þe hede is now a faire chapelle. c 1394 P. Pl. Crede 119 A Chirche and A Chapaile with chambers a-lofte. 1428 E.E. Wills (1882) 80 The trinite schapell. 1517 R. Torkington Pilgr. (1884) 39 The Chirche of the holy Sepulcre ys Rounde..and hath.. Chapellys hygh and lowe, in gret nowmber. 1555 Eden Decades W. Ind. ii. vi. (Arb.) 124 The virgin, to whom he buylded and dedicate a chapell and an altare. 1640 Somner Antiq. Canterb. 46 The high altar at St. Austin's, with the Chapells about it. 1756–7 tr. Keysler's Trav. (1760) II. 264 On the altar of this chapel is the martyrdom of St. Sebastian, in oil colours, by Domenichino. 1842 Burn Eccles. Law (ed. 9) I. 295 Chantry, was commonly a little chapel, or particular altar in some cathedral or parochial church, endowed..for the maintenance of a priest to pray for the souls of the founder. 1874 Baring-Gould Lives of Saints 395 Upon these remains Benedict built two oratories..and..round these chapels rose the monastery. 1875 Dict. Chr. Antiq. I. 343/1 Although very many churches built before a.d. 800 exist..scarcely any clear examples of chapels [forming parts of the main building] can be pointed out. Ibid. 344/1 In the East, as the rule that there should be only one altar in a church has always existed, chapels have rarely formed parts of churches. Ibid. 345/2 At what time the practice of placing an altar and of celebrating the eucharistic service in a sepulchral chapel was first introduced cannot be stated with precision. Mod. He is buried in Henry the Seventh's Chapel at Westminster Abbey.

    3. A place of public worship of the established Church, subordinate to, or dependent upon, the church of the parish, the accommodation supplied by which it in some way supplements. These are of various kinds: a. chapel of ease: a chapel built for the convenience of parishioners who live far from the parish church. Also fig.

1538 Leland Itin. I. 36 There was a nother Paroche Chirch yn the Towne yet standing, but now it servith but for a Chapelle of Ease. c 1630 Risdon Surv. Devon §32 (1810) 36 Shute..is a chapel for ease to Colliton. 1631 Weever Anc. Fun. Mon. 180 One of those Parish Churches hath fourteene Chappels of ease within the circumference of her limits. 1726 Ayliffe Parerg. 166 Chapels of Ease..commonly built in very large Parishes, where all the people cannot come to the Mother Church. 1826 Petersdorff Abr. 433 A chapel of ease may..have the rights of a parochial chapel by custom. 1870 F. Wilson Ch. Lindisf. 128 Bolton Church..is considered a Chapel of Ease.

fig. 1622 Massinger, &c. Old Law iii. ii, What is age But the holy place of life, chapel of ease For all men's wearied miseries? 1651 Cleveland Square Cap iv, And making a Chappel of Ease of her Lap, First he said Grace, and then he kiss'd her. a 1859 De Quincey Wks. II. 113 Sedburgh, for many years, was a sort of nursery or rural chapel-of-ease to Cambridge.

    b. parochial chapel: the place of worship of an ancient division of a parish attached to it by custom and repute, as e.g. in the case of the numerous divisions of the parish of Kendal, and other large parishes of the Lake district; district chapel, that of a modern ‘district’ or division of a parish constituted under the Church Building Acts, from 59 Geo. III, c. 134, onwards. To both of these the name church is now commonly given, except in remote districts or special instances.

1491 Act 7 Hen. VII, c. 2 §11 So that thoes espousels be solempnysed in Churche, Chapell, or Oratory. 1556 Chron. Gr. Friars (1852) 55 This yere [1547] was Barkyng chappylle at the Towre hylle pullyd downe. 1596 Shakes. Merch. V. i. ii. 14 Chappels had beene Churches, and poore mens cottages Princes Pallaces. c 1650 Parl. Surveys of Livings, etc. XVII. 238 The Parish [Swyne] hath belonging to it Six Chappells, and a Viccaridge House. Ibid. Drypoole hath a Parochiall Chappell depending upon Swyne. 1660 R. Coke Power & Subj. 185 Concerning the Mother-Parish-Church twenty shillings; and concerning a Chappel ten shillings. 1838 Act 2 & 3 Vict. c. 49 §2 In the case of any church or chapel, for or to which any district chapelry has been..assigned..such church or chapel..shall be and is hereby declared to be a perpetual curacy and benefice. c 1840 Hook Ch. Dict. 13 It is to be regretted that countenance to the assumption of the name of chapel for their place of assembly on the part of dissenters, is too often given by our designating as churches many of the new sanctuaries, which are, in fact, only chapels. 1842 Burn Eccl. Law (ed. 9) I. 306 The last species of chapels, those erected under the authority of the various Church-Building Acts, and usually designated District Chapels. 1855 H. Martineau Eng. Lakes 120 Wastdale Head..There is a chapel, the humblest of chapels, with eight pews, and three windows in three sides. 1868 A. Sedgwick (title), Memorial by the Trustees of Cowgill Chapel. 1873 Phillimore Eccl. Law II. 1824 A parochial chapel is that which has the parochial rights of christening and burying; and this differs in nothing from a church, but in the want of a rectory and endowment.

    c. free chapel: a chapel not subject to the jurisdiction of the ordinary, having been founded by the king or by a subject specially authorized by him.

1523 Act 14 & 15 Hen. VIII, c. 9 The Deane and Chapiter..of the free chapell of the kynge, of Sainct Martins le graunde. 1545 Act 37 Hen. VIII, c. 4 There have been divers Colleges, Free Chapels, Chantries, Hospitals, Fraternities. 1672 Cowell's Interpr., Free Chappel, Libera Capella..the King may Licence a Subject to found such a Chappel, and by his Charter exempt it from the Diocesans Jurisdiction. 1726 Ayliffe Parerg. 165. 1873 Phillimore Eccl. Law II. 1824 The king himself visits his free chapels..and not the ordinary.

    d. proprietary chapel: one that is the property of private persons.

1873 Phillimore Eccl. Law II. 1183 Proprietary chapels..are anomalies unknown to the ecclesiastical constitution of this kingdom, and can possess no parochial rights..Dr. Lushington said..the ancient canon law of this country knew nothing of proprietary chapels or unconsecrated chapels at all..The necessity of the times..gave rise to the erection of chapels of this kind, and to the licensing of ministers of the Church of England to perform duty therein. Ibid. II. 1834 It is at any time competent to the proprietors of an unconsecrated chapel to convert it to secular purposes.

    4. Applied to places of Christian worship other than those of the established church of the country: e.g. to those of Roman Catholics in Great Britain and Ireland, and of the Episcopal Church in Scotland; of the Nonconformists ejected in 1662; of Methodists since the 18th c., and, recently, of Protestant Dissenters generally (in England and Wales).
    These uses go back to a time when ‘church’ had still its historical value of the endowed place of worship of a parish, with its beneficed rector or vicar, tithes, etc., and when no other place of worship, whatever its architecture, ritual, or communion, was thought of as the ‘church’. Of R.C. chapels the earliest mentioned were those of foreign ambassadors, and Roman Catholic queens of the Stuarts (see sense 2 a); in the 18th c., and down to 1830-40, ‘chapel’ was the regular name, as it is still in Ireland. The name first used by Protestants separating from the Church of England was app. ‘meeting-house’; but the places of worship founded by the non-conforming clergymen ejected in 1662 were commonly ‘chapels’; after that, ‘meeting-house’ and ‘chapel’ were used more or less synonymously by Protestant Dissenters; the former became the prevailing name in the 18th c., but was mostly abandoned for ‘chapel’ in the first half of the 19th c. (except by Quakers). For his connexion, Wesley introduced ‘preaching-house’; but Methodist Churchmen appear to have preferred ‘chapel’; and it was in the sequel often used by Wesley as = ‘preaching-house’, and gradually took its place. During the present century, the custom of applying ‘church’ to the parochial and district chapels of the Church of England, has been followed by the use of ‘church’ for ‘chapel’ by Roman Catholics, Scotch Episcopalians, and many Nonconformists. (See church.) But the earlier usage has made chapel in Ireland the common appellation of the R.C. places of worship and service, as distinguished from those of the Protestant (Episcopal) Church; and in England and Wales of nonconformist places of worship or service, as distinguished from those of the Church of England. Hence such combinations as chapel-goer, chapel-going, chapel-people, etc.

a. 1662 Pepys Diary 21 Sept., The Queene..going to her chappell at St. James's..I crowded after her..and saw the fine altar, ornaments, and the fryers in their habits. 1669 Ibid. 11 Apr., I took my wife to St. James's, and there carried her to the Queen's Chapel. a 1718 Penn Life Wks. 1726 I. 135, I have not..look'd into any Chappel of the Roman Religion. a 1793 J. Morris in Arminian Mag. (Feb. 1795) 72, I consented to go with her to the Catholic Chapel. 1794 Z. Yewdall ibid. Aug. (1795) 371 The Episcopalians had likewise a chapel in the place [Dalkeith]. Ibid. He had taken the English Chapel [at Musselburgh]. c 1815 G. Kennedy Anna Ross (1837) 69, I have decided on taking a pew..in one of the Church of England Chapels [in Scotland]. 1836 Gentl. Mag. Apr. 421/1 About forty years ago there were only 30 Catholic chapels in Great Britain; but in 1835, we find the number increased to 510.

b. 1662–3 Baxter Life of Wife (1681) 58 When she saw that I could not use the Chappel which she built, she hired another near. 1666–7 ― in Reliquæ Baxterianæ (1696) iii. 19 The churches being burnt, and the Parish ministers gone, the Nonconformists..did keep their meetings very openly, and prepared large Rooms, and some of them plain Chappels, with Pulpits, Seats, and Galleries..The Independents also set up their Meetings more openly than before. 1694 Trust-deed, Brook St. Chapel, Knutsford, Indent. Mch. 7 The ground on which the said new-erected Chappell or Meeting-house now stands, together with the said Chappell or Meeting-house. 1715 Hearne Diary 29 May, Last night a good part of the presbyterian Meeting-house in Oxford was pulled down..in the evening they pulled down a good part of the Quakers' and Anabaptist Chapels. 1818 W. J. Fox Wks. (1865) I. 110 A Sermon preached before the Unitarian Society, at Essex-Street Chapel, on Thursday, April 16, 1818. 1836 Gentl. Mag. July 30/2 A red-brick structure, resembling a dissenting chapel. c 1840 Hook Ch. Dict. 13 The places in which dissenters, whether Romish or Protestant, meet are not chapels, but meeting-houses. 1884 Dale Manual Congregat. Princ. App. i, A hundred years ago it was probably the universal custom of Congregationalists to call their places of worship ‘meeting-houses’. ‘Chapel’..early in this century..displaced the older and better name.

c. 1747 Gentl. Mag. XVII. Suppl. 620 That the said Mr. J. W―y, about two years ago, preached a sermon to the Methodists at Salisbury in Mr. H―ll's chapel. [1763 in Tyerman Life of Wesley II. iii. 478 The people were to be warned..Against calling our society a church, or the church. Against calling our preachers ministers, our houses meeting-houses (call them plain preaching houses).] 1789 Wesley Will. 25 Feb. in Coke & Moore (1792) 515, I desire my Gowns, Cassocks, Sashes, and Bands, may remain at the Chapel for the use of the Clergymen attending there. 1792 Coke & Moore Life of Wesley (ed. 2) Sold..at the Chapel in the City-Road; and at all the Methodist Preaching-Houses in Town and Country. 1817 S. Drew Life T. Coke ix. 180 Independently of the chapels or preaching houses that had been erected in the towns.

    5. A chapel service, attendance at the service in a chapel. Hence in college phrase, to keep a chapel, to attend chapel on a single occasion; to keep one's chapels, to fulfil the prescribed number of attendances; so to miss a chapel, lose a chapel, etc.

1662 Pepys Diary 14 Dec., Walked..up and down till chappell time. 1814 Jane Austen Mansf. Park ix, Without danger of reprobation because chapel was missed. 1850 Thackeray Pendennis I. 168 After hall they went to Mr. Buck's to take wine; and after wine to chapel. 1882 C. Kegan Paul in Century Mag. XXIV. 275 At Oxford, the daily chapel, so often a formal observance, still had its effect on many minds. Mod. ‘You must keep your chapels’.

    b. to hold chapel (F. tenir chapelle): said of certain princes, and especially of the pope attending divine service in state; said of cardinals, when they are present at solemn religious service, without the pope's intervention.

1687 Lond. Gaz. No. 2285/1 At some Chapels of late held by the Colledge of Cardinals.

    6. gen. Of other than Christian worship: A lesser temple, fane, or sanctuary, having an altar to a deity (used e.g. to translate L. sacellum).

c 1400 Destr. Troy 9149 As Achilles this choise in chapell beheld. 1533 Bellenden Livy i. (1822) 95 He tuke purpois to distroy be augury all the remanent tempillis and chapellis [fana sacellaque]. 1535 Coverdale Amos vii. 13 Prophecy nomore at Bethel, for it is the kynges chapel, and the kynges courte. 1581 Marbeck Bk. of Notes 77. 1600 Holland Livy xl. li. 1091 Behind the church [fanum] of the goddesse Hope, he caused to be built the chappel [ædem] of Apollo the Physician. 1611 Bible 1 Macc. i. 47 Set vp altars, and groues, and chappels of idols. 1697 Dryden Virg. Past. iii. 12 And in what Chappel [sacello] too you plaid your Prize. 1839 Thirlwall Greece VI. xlvi. 54 A new chapel..had been built at Delphi.

    7. A choir or body of singers attached to a chapel (usually of a king or prince); ‘now extended to mean the choir or the orchestra, or both, of a church or chapel, or other musical establishment sacred or secular’ (Grove Dict. Music). Often in French form chapelle, Ger. kapelle, or It. capella.

1420 Siege Rouen 1295 in Archæol. XXII. 381 His chapelle mette hym at the dore there, And wente bifore hym alle in fere. 1515 Pace in J. S. Brewer Reign Hen. VIII, xi. (1884) I. 270 Surely he would have out of your chapel not children only but also men..your Graces chapel is better than his. 1546 in Strype Eccl. Mem. II. ii. App. A. 9 The prelats censed the corps, the chappel singing ‘Libera me, Domine’. 1674 Playford Skill Mus. Pref. 9 The annual allowances of the gentlemen of his Chappel.

    8. The sacred vessels, etc., used for the services in a church or chapel. Obs. exc. Hist.

[1475 Bk. Noblesse 84 Every officer shulde have noo more silver vesselle but for a chapelle and a cupbourde.] 1862 Hook Lives Abps. II. xi. 655 He..gave to the church an excellent chapel, which in his testament he styled his best. (Note.) In the language of the period (1205) a chapel means whatever was required for the performance of divine worship.

    † 9. An alembic. [F. ‘chapelle, couvercle d'un alambic’ (Littré), ? from orig. sense of cappella.]

1708 Motteux Rabelais iv. xxiv. (1737) 103 As for the Chapel..it shall be a Chapel of Rose-water.

    10. a. A printers' workshop, a printing-office. b. A meeting or association of the journeymen in a printing-office for promoting and enforcing order among themselves, settling disputes as to price of work, etc. It is presided over by a father of the chapel annually elected. Hence to hold a chapel.

1688 R. Holme Armoury iii. 120/1 Every Printing-House is termed a Chappel. 1751 Chambers Cycl., In this sense they say, the orders, or laws of the chapel, the secrets of the chapel, etc. 1771 Franklin Autobiog. Wks. 1840 I. 61, I proposed some reasonable alteration in their chapel laws. 1825 Hone Every-day Bk. I. 1135 It is to be noted, as a ‘custom of the chapel’. 1854 H. Miller Sch. & Schm. xv. (1858) 341 The petty tricks by which Franklin was annoyed were said to be played him by the chapel ghost. 1879 Women's Suffrage Jrnl. 1 Nov. 183/2 A circular..to all ‘fathers of chapels’, i.e. trades officials in printing shops.

    11. slang or low colloq. House of ease, privy.
    12. attrib. and Comb., as chapel-bell, chapel-cell, chapel-clerk, chapel-door, chapel-prayers, chapel-service, chapel-stead, chapel-tent, chapel-yard, etc.; in sense 4, chapel-goer, chapel-going, chapel-monger, chapel-people, chapel-society, etc.; † chapel-bed, ? one with a canopy; chapel-man, one of the clergy or officials of a chapel; chapel-master, used occas. to translate F. maître de chapelle or Ger. kapellmeister, director of the music of a royal (or other) chapel (sense 7); chapel-rate, a rate for the support of a chapel.

1663 Inv. Ld. J. Gordon's Furniture, In the chamber next to the lytle chamber, a *chapell bed all of bundwork.

c 1386 Chaucer Prol. 171 Gynglen..als cleere And eek as loude as dooth þe *Chapel belle. 1847 Tennyson Princ. ii. 446 The chapel-bells Call'd us.

a 1835 Mrs. Hemans Streams, Ye have burst away, From your *chapel-cells to the laughing day.

1585 Jas. I Ess. Poesie (Arb.) 69 The cryis Of Naturis *chapell Clarkis. 1766 Entick London IV. 382 A chapel clerk and sexton.

c 1420 Sir Amadace xi, Sir Amadace..rode vn-to the *chapelle dur.

1842 Miall in Nonconf. II. 265 What now is the great body of dissenters? *Chapel-goers, and no more.

1663 Spalding Troub. Chas. I (1829) 61 *Chapel men who have countenanced the chapel ceremonies and novations.

c 1850 Nat. Encycl. I. 1018 He became *chapel-master to Cardinal Charles of Lorraine. 1880 V. Lee Belcaro v. 113 The poor chapelmaster of Hoffmann.

1812 Religionism 17 Muse, drop the subject, Pluralists, adieu! Next, *Chapel-mongers, hark!—a word with you.

1658 Walton Hooker 15 In four years he was but twice absent from the *chapel-prayers.

1850 Carr v. Mostyn, 19 Law Jrnl. 255 There was no necessity for *chapel-rates, as the trustees would repair.

1820 Keats Isabella 467 Seldom did she go to *chapel-shrift.

1835 I. Taylor Spir. Despot. ii. 63 Congregationalism insulates each *chapel-society.

1687 Luttrell Brief Rel. (1857) I. 408 The *chappel tent at the camp was open'd this day.

1485 Malory Arthur (1868) vi. xv, Beyond the *chapel-yard there met him a fair damsel. 1850 Carr v. Mostyn, 19 Law Jrnl. 253 The inhabitants of the said townships..might..bury their dead in the chapelyard.

▪ II. ˈchapel, v.¹ nonce-wd.
    [f. prec. n. Cf. to church.]
    trans. To put (bury, etc.) in a chapel.

1612 Fletcher Two Noble K. i. i, Giue us the bones Of our dead kings, that we may chapel them.

▪ III. ˈchapel, v.² Naut.
    [f. prec. n.: cf. F. faire chapelle.]
    (See quot.)

1769 Falconer Dict. Marine (1789), Chapeling a ship, the act of turning her round in a light breeze of wind when..close-hauled, so as that she will lie the same way as she did before. This is commonly occasioned by the negligence of the steersman, or by a sudden change of wind. Ibid. Faire, or pendre Chapelle, to chapel a ship; to build a chapel at sea. 1794 Rigging & Seamanship II. 248* Chappelling.

▪ IV. chapel, a. colloq.
    [f. the n.]
    Belonging to, or attending regularly, a chapel (sense 4).

1946 J. Cary Moonlight 234 Mrs. Wilmot was chapel. I'm sure she never went to a play. 1957 R. W. Zandvoort Handbk. Eng. Gram. viii. 275, I suppose you're Church of England? I'm chapel. 1965 New Statesman 23 Apr. 646/3 Half the parish might be pagan and the zealous few, Chapel.

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