▪ I. grave, n.1
(greɪv)
Forms: 1 græf, 4–6 graf(e, 5, 8–9 Sc. graff, (4 greve, 5 grawe, 6 Sc. graif, graiwe), 3– grave.
[OE. græf str. neut. = OFris. gref, OS. graf, OHG. grap:—OTeut. type *graƀo{supm}; a parallel type is *graƀâ fem., represented by ON. grǫf (Da. grav, Sw. graf), Goth. graba; f. root of OE. grafan to dig, grave v.1
The normal mod. representative of OE. græf would be graff; the ME. disyllabic grave, from which the standard mod. form descends, was prob. due to the especially frequent occurrence of the word in the dat. (locative) case.]
1. a. A place of burial; an excavation in the earth for the reception of a corpse; † formerly often applied loosely to a receptacle for the dead not formed by digging, as a mausoleum.
| a 1000 Seafarer 97 (Gr.) Þeah þe græf wille golde streᵹan broþor his ᵹeborenum. c 1250 Gen. & Ex. 3184 Oc ðe ail haueð so wide spiled, ðat his [Joseph's] graue is ðor vnder hiled. a 1300 Cursor M. 21063 First he did his graf to deluen. c 1330 R. Brunne Chron. (1810) 290 To þat stede he ferd, þer he was laid in graue. c 1385 Chaucer L.G.W. 903 Thisbe, We preyen yow..That in o graue y-fere we moten lye. a 1400–50 Alexander 4451 Graffis garnyscht of gold & gilten tombis. c 1440 Promp. Parv. 207/2 Grave, solempnely made, or gravyn..mausoleum. c 1460 Towneley Myst. xxvi. 54 Dede men also rose vp sone, Outt of thare grafe. 1535 Stewart Cron. Scot. I. 594 He..With all honour wnto his graif is gone. 1548–9 (Mar.) Bk. Com. Prayer, Burial Dead, When they come at the graue. 1590 Shakes. Mids. N. v. i. 387 The graues, all gaping wide, Euery one lets forth his spright. 1607 Dekker Roaring Girle Wks. 1873 III. 107, I must not to my graue, As a drunkard to his bed. 1687 A. Lovell tr. Thevenot's Trav. i. 58 When the Grave is filled up, they erect a stone. 1756–7 tr. Keysler's Trav. (1760) III. 97 Here in one grave are deposited the remains of Constantia..and..her daughter. 1794 Burns ‘O Death, hadst thou but spar'd his life’, E'en as he is, cauld in his graff. 1821 Byron Cain iii. i, Compose thy limbs into their grave. 1861 Wright Ess. Archæol. I. vii. 142 The Anglo-Saxons..dug a rather deep rectangular grave..often of considerable dimensions. a 1876 G. Dawson Lect. Shaks. etc. (1888) 62 When your grave comes to be dug, will the diggers weep? |
| transf. 1590 Spenser F.Q. iii. x. 42 We will blyndfolded ly, Ne privy bee unto your treasures grave. |
† b. holy grave = Holy Sepulchre.
| a 1455 Holland Houlate xxxv, The haily graif. Ibid. xxxvii, The haly graf. 1481 Caxton Reynard (Arb.) 108, I wyl goo for you to the holy graue. c 1511 1st Eng. Bk. Amer. (Arb.) Introd. 31/2 They seke the holy graue to Iherusalem. |
c. A grave-mound. Also
transf.,
dead men's graves (see
quot.).
| 1868 Dickens Uncomm. Trav. xxi, Gravely making hay among the graves. 1869 R. B. Smyth Goldf. Victoria 609 Dead-men's Graves, applied to country generally basaltic, where, owing to the unequal decomposition of the under⁓lying rock, humps like graves occur. |
d. In various
fig. and proverbial expressions.
† into the grave of hell: into the lowest depth.
secret as the grave: kept as a close secret.
to make a person turn in his grave: said fancifully or hyperbolically of the effect of something which was abhorrent to the person in his lifetime.
some one is walking over my grave (see
quot. 1868).
one foot in the grave (see
foot n. 26 a.)
to dig the grave of: to cause the ruin, downfall, end of (a person or thing).
| c 1585 Cartwright in R. Browne Answ. Cartwright 88 It shoulde followe that that assembly..shoulde from the hyest heauen fall into the graue of hell. 1738 Swift Pol. Conversat. i. 84 Miss [shuddering]. Lord! there's somebody walking over my Grave. 1832 L. Hunt Sir R. Esher (1850) 89 The correspondence I kept as secret as the grave. 1859 H. Kingsley G. Hamlyn xxxi. (1860) 268 Sometimes somebody would walk over my grave, and give me a creeping in the back. 1868 Holme Lee B. Godfrey xiv. 77 Joan shuddered —that..convulsive shudder which old wives say is caused by a footstep walking over the place of our grave that shall be. 1883 Harper's Mag. Apr. 768/1 Somebody's walking over your grave, they say, when you feel so. 1888 Bryce Amer. Commw. I. xii. 159 Jefferson might turn in his grave if he knew of such an attempt to introduce European distinctions of rank into his democracy. 1934 F. Scott Fitzgerald Let. 8 Dec. (1963) 397 Of course any apologia is necessarily a whine to some extent; a man digs his own grave and should, presumably, lie in it. 1963 Listener 31 Jan. 207/2 The delegation called for the convening of a conference next month to ‘dig the grave’ of the Federation. |
e. with omission of the article (after a
prep.).
| 1548 Udall, etc. Erasm. Par. Luke xx. 38 Now wer Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, at that tyme alreadie buiried in graue. 1662 Hickeringill Serm. Wks. 1716 I. 286 Few or none went down to Grave in peace. |
2. a. Regarded as the natural destination or final resting-place of every one. Hence sometimes put for: The condition or state of being dead, death.
† to the grave: till death.
(to bear a mark) to one's grave: all one's life.
to find one's grave: to meet one's death.
| c 1380 Wyclif Wks. (1880) 17 Crist sparid not to visyte pore men..in þe colde greue. 14.. Songs & Carols 15th C. (Percy Soc.) 66 Thei wyl gyffe a man a mark that he xal ber it to hys grafe. 1535 Coverdale Gen. xlii. 38 Yf eny mysfortune shulde happen vnto him..ye shulde bringe my graye hayre with sorowe downe vnto the graue. 1624 Quarles Job vi. 39 Both Rich and Poore are equal'd in the Grave. 1634 Sir T. Herbert Trav. 168 My course came next, though not to die, yet to goe neere the Grave. 1656–9 B. Harris Parival's Iron Age (ed. 2) 244 France, where he soon found his grave. 1674 tr. Martiniere's Voy. N. Countries 113 And thinking by bleeding and purgation to recover their Patients, sent many of them to the Grave. 1707 Watts Hymn, ‘Life is the time to serve the Lord’, There are no Acts of Pardon pass'd In the cold Grave to which we haste. 1723 Pres. State Russia II. 129, I am, to the Grave, full of good Wishes towards you. 1726 Swift Gulliver iv. xi, The Savages..discharged an Arrow, which wounded me deeply on the inside of my left Knee (I shall carry the Mark to my Grave). 1726 Dyer Grongar Hill 92 Between the cradle and the grave. 1738 Wesley Psalms vi. iii, I cannot thank Thee in the Grave. 1750 Gray Elegy ix, The path of glory leads but to the grave. 1815 Shelley Alastor 720 Birth and the grave, that are not as they were. |
b. with personification:
= Death or Hades.
| 1611 Bible Hosea xiii. 14 O death, I will be thy plagues, O graue [Wyclif, Coverdale hell(e], I will be thy destruction. Ibid. 1 Cor. xv. 55. 1615 Cleaver Proverbs 175 No might..can rescue him out of the hand of the graue. |
3. In enlarged rhetorical use: Anything that is, or may become, the receptacle of what is dead. So
liquid grave,
watery grave.
| 1559 Mirr. Mag., Jack Cade xxi, Than were on poales my parboylde quarters pight, And set aloft for vermine to deuower, Meete graue for rebels that resist the power. 1632 Lithgow Trav. vii. 326 Their dead Corpes were cast over Board, in a boundlesse grave to feed the fishes. 1655 Fuller Ch. Hist. iii. iii. §15 Ptolemais (the Grave General of the Christian Army). 1821 Byron Heaven & Earth i. iii, Not even a rock from out the liquid grave. 1865 Kingsley Herew. vi. 127 They had only just escaped a watery grave. 1874 L. Carr Jud. Gwynne I. vi. 170 He had carried her..out of a grave of fire. 1895 Maguire in United Service Mag. July 373 The country between the Balkans and Constantinople would have been the grave of the entire Russian Army. 1898 J. R. Illingworth Divine Immanence vi. 137 The body ceases to be the spirit's organ, and becomes first its prison, and then its grave. |
4. An excavation of any kind; a pit or trench.
Obs. exc. in sense of a trench for earthing up potatoes and other roots.
| 1526 Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 276 b, It is wryten in the lawe of Moyses That no man sholde dyg ony pyt, or open ony graue or cesterne, but he sholde couer it agayne..lest [etc.]. 1847 Halliwell, Grave,..a potato-hole. Linc. 1857 Jrnl. R. Agric. Soc. XVIII. i. 108 Potatoes are brought out of the ‘hogs’, or ‘graves’, or ‘pits’. 1890 Morning Post 26 Dec. 6/2 The mangold and potato graves have also suffered considerably. |
5. attrib. and
Comb. a. simple attributive, as
grave-brass,
grave-clod,
grave-field,
grave-garth,
grave-ground,
grave-group,
grave-hill,
grave-lid,
grave-linen,
grave-mound,
† grave-neighbour,
grave-place,
grave-rail,
grave-side (also
attrib.),
grave-slab,
grave-stead,
grave-worm;
grave-like adj. b. objective, as
grave-maker,
grave-raker,
grave-robber;
grave-digging (
cf. grave-digger),
grave-making,
grave-robbing vbl. ns. c. adverbial (of destination) and instrumental, as
grave-bound,
grave-riven adjs. d. locative or originative, as
grave-interment;
grave-born adj.| 1596 Drayton Mortimeriados 34 Lyke *graue-borne gosts, amaz'd and mad with feare. |
| 1825 D. L. Richardson Sonnets 10 The *grave-bound Pilgrim never can return. |
| 1849 Rock Ch. of Fathers I. ii. 187 Our old English *grave-brasses. |
| 1847 Craig, *Graveclod, a lump of earth belonging to a grave. |
| 1749 Fielding Tom Jones xvi. v, The *grave-digging scene next engaged the attention of Partridge. |
| 1868 G. Stephens Runic Monuments 1026/1 *Grave⁓fields. 1937 Jrnl. R. Anthrop. Inst. 233 To point out to me the sight of the grave-field. 1963 Times Lit. Suppl. 18 Jan. 44/2 The Viking character of the Gnezdovo grave⁓field. |
| 1880 Rossetti Ballads & Sonn. 273 As in a *gravegarth, count to see The monuments of memory. |
| 1874 Green Short Hist. i. §2. 9 The *grave-ground of Addington. |
| 1937 Jrnl. R. Anthrop. Inst. 232 Nothing is said as to the original composition of the *grave-groups. |
| a 1835 Mrs. Hemans Song of Tomb Poems (1875) 340 He must ride o'er the *grave-hills..with stormy speed. 1894 Atkinson Old Whitby 62, I have taken 3 axe-hammers from grave-hills on the Danby and Skelton moors. |
| 1658 Sir T. Browne Hydriot. Introd. i. 3 Poppæa, the wife of Nero, found a peculiar *grave enterment. |
| c 1340 Cursor M. 14332 (Trin.) Þe *graue lid awey þei kist. |
| 1764 Oxford Sausage 63 O haste thee from thy *grave-like Grot! 1847 De Quincey Secret Societies Wks. 1863 VI. 269 You may sit in that deep grave-like recess. |
| 1836 Lane Mod. Egypt II. xv. 285 It is common, also, for a Mooslim, on a military expedition..to carry his *grave-linen with him. |
| 14.. Nom. in Wr.-Wülcker 722/30 Hic bostarius, a *grafmakere. 1602 Shakes. Ham. v. i. 34 Gardiners, Ditchers, and Graue-makers. 1654 Whitlock Zootomia 63 Hee being to work too fast for the Grave-maker. |
| 1602 Shakes. Ham. v. i. 74 Has this fellow no feeling of his businesse, that he sings at *Graue-making? 1894 E. H. Barker Two Summers Guyenne 239 There is..very little grave-making, except by mounds and wooden crosses. |
| 1603 Dekker Wonderfull Yeare D iv, The colde companie of his *graue neighbours. |
| 1665 Walton Life Hooker in Hooker's Wks. (1888) I. 78 The poor clerk had many rewards for shewing Mr. Hooker's *grave-place. 1874 Stubbs Const. Hist. I. iv. 64 The researches into the grave-places of the nations. |
| 1732 E. Forrest Hogarth's Tour 4 Hogarth..untrussed upon a *grave-rail. |
| 1631 Weever Anc. Funeral Mon. 51 The *graue-rakers, these gold-finders are called theeues. |
| 1850 Mrs. Browning Poems I. 318 The poet sings upon the earth *grave-riven. |
| 1845 Ecclesiologist IV. 291 The sin of *grave-robbing. |
| 1838 J. L. Stephens Trav. Greece, etc. 27/1 The Greeks returned, and, taking up the body, carried it to the *grave-side. 1865 Mrs. Whitney Gayworthys xix. (1879) 172 How many a heart has felt that graveside solemnity. |
| 1894 H. Speight Nidderdale 190 Two well preserved *grave-slabs. |
| 1884 A. Lang Custom & Myth 286 The ghosts that haunt ancient *grave-steads. |
| 1815 Milman Fazio (1821) 53, I had rather *grave-worms were on thy lips than that bad woman's kisses. |
6. Special comb.:
grave-board, a board, inscribed with symbolic figures, set upright over the graves of N. American Indians;
grave-clad a. nonce-wd., clad in grave-clothes;
grave-cloth, ? a pall;
grave-cover, a stone slab covering a grave;
grave-deep a. nonce-wd., deep as the grave;
grave-digging ppl. a., epithet of certain insects (see
grave-digger 2);
† grave-fellow, a companion in the grave;
grave-find, an object or a number of objects found in a grave;
grave-furniture = grave-goods;
grave-goods pl., valuables deposited with a corpse in the grave;
grave-hoard, a quantity of objects buried with a corpse;
† grave-jelly, corruption, rottenness;
grave-man,
-master, a sexton;
grave-mound, a hillock, or a barrow or tumulus, indicating the site of an interment, a burial-mound;
grave-plant,
Datura sanguinea (
Syd. Soc. Lex. 1886);
† grave-porer, one who is poring over or looking towards his grave; an aged man;
grave-post = grave-board;
grave-trap Theatr. (see
quot. 1886); also
fig.;
† grave-wax = adipocere. Also
grave-clothes,
grave-digger,
gravestone,
graveyard.
| 1851 Schoolcraft Indian Tribes I. 356 At the head of the grave a tabular piece of cedar, or other wood, called the adjedatig, is set. This *grave-board contains the symbolic or representative figures which record, if it be a warrior, his totem. 1862 Max Müller Chips (1880) I. xiv. 318 The inscriptions which are found on the Indian graveboards. |
| a 1802 Home Alonzo iv, Why should I fear to see a *grave-clad ghost? |
| 1646 in C. W. Manwaring Digest Early Conn. Probate Rec. (1904) I. 16, 1 *graue cloath 3 s. 1764 Rec. Amherst (1884) 28/1 Voted To provide..a grave Cloth for the use of the District. 1925 V. Woolf Common Reader 35 The Prior of Bromholm sent word that the grave-cloth was in tatters. |
| 1875 J. T. Fowler in Archæologia XLV. 385 The *grave-covers indicated in Browne-Willis's plan. |
| 1850 Mrs. Browning Poems II. 227 Give him room! Room for the dead in Paris! welcome solemn And *grave-deep. |
| 1847 Craig s.v. Grave, *Grave-digging or burying beetle. 1851 Gosse Naturalist's Soj. Jamaica 147 The labour of the bee is play compared with the efforts of the grave-digging Sphex. |
| 1642 Fuller Holy & Prof. St. iii. v. 164 For he that was buried with the bones of Elisha..recovered his life by lodging with such a *grave-fellow. 1681 J. Flavel Meth. Grace xviii. 327 When guilt shall neither be our bed fellow, nor grave-fellow. |
| 1868 G. Stephens Runic Mon. I. p. x, At what era they came, is not known. *Grave-finds show that it was as early as some time..before Christ. |
| 1937 Discovery 152/1 The excavation of the churchyard produced virtually nothing in the way of *grave furniture. 1939 G. Clark Archæol. & Society iii. 55 Any archaeologist digging in England would give his head to find grave-furniture in anything approaching such a state of preservation as that in the young Pharaoh's tomb. |
| 1883 Daily News 7 Nov. 5/3 Burying their dead with weapons and *grave-goods. |
| 1894 ― 11 Jan. 5/2 For want of *grave hoards, very little will be known about us in some three thousand years or less. |
| 1657 Reeve God's Plea 32 [He] will ere long be taken off from his leggs, lye upon a death-couch, be carried out by Bearers, and consume to *grave-gelly. |
| 1821 Combe Wife ii. (1869) 273 The bold *grave-man at the meeting Gave the rude clown so sound a beating, That [etc.]. |
| 1622 Mabbe tr. Aleman's Guzman d'Alf. ii. 220 Committed over to the Curate, Sexton, or *Graue-master. |
| 1859 Reeve Brittany 137 Running to and fro over the *grave-mounds. |
| 1583 Stanyhurst æneis iv. (Arb.) 117 To clap on shoulders his bedred *grave-porer old sire! |
| 1840 Southern Lit. Messenger VI. 191/1 When an Indian dies, it is his family or surname, that is put on his *grave-post, or adjedatigwon. 1851 Schoolcraft Indian Tribes I. 356 After which the bones are buried, and the grave-posts fixed. 1855 Longfellow Hiaw. xiv. 18 On the grave-posts of our fathers Are no signs, no figures painted. |
| 1844 J. R. Planché Drama at Home i. 8 I'll propose her [sc. Ophelia] to be resident directress, with a bed in the *grave trap. 1859 E. Fitzball 35 Yrs. Dram. Author's Life II. 211 On one side, was the grave trap made use of in ‘Hamlet’. 1886 Stage Gossip 69 The grave-trap is the one in centre of the stage, or nearly so, and is so called on account of its use in the grave scene in ‘Hamlet’. 1919 M. Beer Hist. Brit. Socialism I. ii. viii. 251 He was then firmly convinced that England..was tottering to the brink of the grave-trap in which exhausted nations disappear from the scene of history. |
| 1854 Mayne Expos. Lex., *Grave-wax. 1865 Page Handbk. Geol. Terms (ed. 2), Grave-wax, a familiar term of adipocere, because occasionally found in grave-yards. |
Add:
[5.] [a.] grave-site.
| 1953 Funeral Plans (U.S. Army, Washington Mil. District) i. 11 The floral trucks will proceed from the Chapel to the *gravesite. 1974 Islander (Victoria, B.C.) 8 Dec. 6/1 Today, even her gravesite is unknown. |
▪ II. † grave, n.2 Obs. [OE. græf, f. root of grafan grave v.1] A graven image.
| 11.. Voc. in Wr.-Wülcker 541/15 Sculptura, græf. a 1300 E.E. Psalter xcvi. 7 Alle schente be þat bidden graues als. Ibid. cv. 19 And a kalfe in Oreb maked þai, And baden þe graue. |
▪ III. grave, n.3 local.
(
greɪv)
Forms: 3
greȝȝfe,
greyve, 5
grafe, 5–6
grayve, 6
greyff, 5–
grave.
[a. ON. greife, of obscure origin; prob. a. OS. *gréƀio (MLG. grêve) = G. graf grave n.4 (In South Yorkshire documents of the 16th c. grieve n. and grave are used indifferently.)] † a. A steward, a person placed in charge of property (
obs.).
b. In certain parts of Yorkshire and Lincolnshire, each of a number of administrative officials formerly elected by the inhabitants of a township.
| c 1200 Ormin 18365 Icc amm sennd biforenn himm Hiss bidell & hiss greȝȝfe. a 1300 Havelok 266 Schireues he sette, bedels, and greyues. ? 14.. Benedictine Rule 374 in Engl. Studien II. 65 A priores may knaw wele þan, Sche beres þe charch of a hirdman; And als a graue bihoues hir be, Þat cure hase tayn to kepe hir fe. 14.. Nom. in Wr.-Wülcker 683/33 Hic villicus, Hic prepositus, a grafe. c 1450 Bk. Curtasye 576 in Babees Bk., Of þe resayuer he [tresurere] shalle resayue Alle þat is gedurt of baylé and grayue. Ibid. 589 Grayuis, and baylys, and parker. c 1478 Plumpton Corr. (Camden) 39 To the welfare of our soveraigne lord the King and you, nothing they will pay, with⁓out your said tenants will fray with them, whearfore they are in regage to divers of your graves. 1524 Par. Accts. Ecclesfield, Yorks., Our lady greyffs haith maid their acownc. 1527 Ibid., Owr lady grayves..haith maid theyr Recknyng and they ayr in debet iijli. xjs. ij{supd}. c 1599 Acct. Bk. W. Wray in Antiquary XXXII. 278 The vsuall order of election of all & singuler Reves & graves, belonging to the prebendes w{supt}{suph}in the colligiat churche or minster..in Ripon. 1605 G. Saltern Ant. Laws Gt. Brit. E 2 b, The Saxons..called their Nobles by a name of the same signification, viz. Earles or eldermen, a name of nobilitie vnknowne in their owne Countrie; where (as I take it) they are called Graues or Greues, signifying a gouernor, which name also they brought hither, and it remaineth in some vse to this day. 1610 Louth Accts. (1891) 95 Item payde for a Supper for the graves & theire wyues..iiij li. iiij s. 1710 in Morehouse Kirkburton & Graveship of Holme (1861) 140 We, y⊇ Jury sworn for the lord of the Manor of Wakefield above⁓said, upon our Inquiry into the old Rentalls and Evidences concerning our said Graveship of Holme, find and present y{supt} there are 61 Graves within our said Graveship. |
| attrib. 1861 Morehouse Kirkburton & Graveship of Holme 140 After revising the grave roll, they subscribed the following declaration. |
▪ IV. † grave, n.4 Obs. [ad. MDu. grave (Du. graaf) = graf. Now only as the second member of compound titles, as landgrave, margrave, palsgrave.] A foreign title
= count 1; chiefly used of the counts of Nassau.
| 1605 Sylvester Du Bartas ii. iii. iv. Captaines 63 When, with the rest of all his Hoast, the Grave Marcheth amain to give the Town a brave..[sidenote, Signifieth but an Earl, but here it is usurped for the chiefe Captaine Josuah]. 1609 Dekker Guls Horne-bk. v. 23 Then you may discourse how honorably your Graue vsed you; obserue that you call Graue Maurice your Graue. 1638 Ford Lady's Trial iv. ii, Her father was grave Hans van Herne. a 1718 Penn Treat. Oaths Wks. 1782 II. 485 Here follow two letters, of the Graue of Nassau, and Prince of Orange. |
▪ V. grave, a.1 (n.5) (
greɪv)
[a. F. grave, ad. L. grave-m, gravis heavy, important. Cf. Sp., Pg., It. grave. The popular
Fr. representative of L.
grav-em is
grief; see
grief a.]
A. adj. † 1. Of persons: Having weight or importance; influential, respected. (Sometimes used as an epithet of respectful address.) Of authors, books, maxims, advice: Weighty, authoritative.
Obs.| 1541 Paget in St. Papers Hen. VIII, VIII. 644 Remitting the consyderation of the same to your most excellent wisedom and grave judgement. 1557 North tr. Gueuara's Diall Pr. 1272/6 Nowe I knowe, that thou art no lesse graue in making [= writing, composing], then gracious in teaching. 1583 Fulke Defence Answ. to Pref. 16 Let him preferre those Scriptures which the greater number and grauer churches do receiue. a 1592 Greene Alphonsus iv. Wks. (Rtldg.) 240/2 Welcome, grave sir, to me. 1599 Thynne Animadv. (1875) 22 Chaucer was a grave manne, holden in greate credyt. 1602 Rowlands Tis Merrie when Gossips meete 23 There's an old graue Prouerbe tell's vs that Such as die Maydes, doe all lead Apes in hell. 1604 E. G[rimstone] D'Acosta's Hist. Indies i. i. 2 Theodoret a very grave Authour, follows Crysostome in this opinion. 1607 Shakes. Cor. ii. ii. 46 Most reuerend and graue Elders. 1622 Sparrow Bk. Com. Prayer (1661) 15 Our Churches direction in this particular, is grave and conform to ancient rules. 1657 J. Smith Myst. Rhet. 203 Your determination is..repugnant to the grave advice of your knowing friends. 1701 Grew Cosm. Sacra iii. iii. 108 Once, the Roman State [was] of all others the most celebrated for their Virtue; as the Gravest of their own Writers, and of Strangers..do bear them witness. 1741 Middleton Cicero I. v. 347 By imposing so shameful a task upon the gravest man in Rome [Cato]. 1749 H. Walpole Lett. (1848) II. 260 He is a grave man, and a good speaker. |
2. Of works, employments, objects of consideration: Weighty, important; in later use chiefly, requiring serious thought, serious.
| 1592 Shakes. Ven. & Ad. Ded. 4, I..vowe to take aduantage of all idle houres, till I haue honoured you with some grauer labour. 1602 2nd Pt. Return fr. Parnass. i. ii. 307 Could but a grauer subiect him [sc. Shakespeare] content, Without loues foolish lazy languishment. 1828 Scott F.M. Perth x, When our council is assembled, we will treat of graver matters. 1868 Helps Realmah xv. (1876) 415, I shall merely reply by asking you in turn some grave questions. |
b. Now
esp. in unfavourable sense, of faults, evils, difficulties, responsibilities, etc.: Highly serious, formidable. Of diseases or symptoms: Serious, threatening a fatal result.
| 1824 Landor Imag. Conv. Ser. i. II. 110 The fault is graver than the reproof. 1858 Bright Sp. India 24 June, Grave errors had been committed in that country. 1866 G. Macdonald Ann. Q. Neighb. i. (1878) 4 Grave doubts as to whether I was in my place. 1885 Manch. Even. News 16 July 2/3 If to-night's news be true, the position is very grave indeed. 1885 Law Reports 29 Chanc. Div. 797 There has been a grave breach of duty resulting in heavy loss. 1888 Fagge Princ. & Pract. Med. (ed. 2) I. 174 This [meteorism] is a grave symptom. 1896 Allbutt's Syst. Med. I. 190 In poisoning from phosphorus, &c., and in the grave anæmias. a 1900 Mod. Grave news from the front. |
3. Of persons, their character, aspect, speech, or behaviour: Marked by weighty dignity; of reverend seriousness. In later use with wider sense, of temperament, feeling, or their manifestations: Serious, not mirthful or jocular; opposed to
gay.
| 1549 Latimer 5th Serm. bef. Edw. VI (Arb.) 143 The Judge at the enpanelynge of the queste hadde hys graue⁓lookes. 1598 Marston Pygmal. v. 161 That which I deemed Bacchus surquedry, Is graue, and staied, civill, Sobrietie. 1667 Milton P.L. ii. 300 With grave Aspect he rose, and in his rising seem'd A Pillar of State. 1709 Lady M. W. Montagu Let. to Miss Anne Wortley 21 Aug., This letter is a good deal grave, and, like other grave things, dull. a 1721 Prior Cantata 10 Youth on silent wings is flown: Graver years come rolling on. 1721 Berkeley Prev. Ruin Gt. Brit. Wks. III. 204 At a time when the nation ought to be too grave for such trifles. 1802 Wolcot (P. Pindar) Pitt & his Statue Wks. 1812 IV. 510 His grave Lordship and grave wig Both with the first importance big. 1828 Scott F.M. Perth xxi, He should be subjected to the charge of some grave counsellor. 1848 Dickens Dombey iv, Solomon looked a little graver as he finished his dinner. 1868 J. H. Blunt Ref. Ch. Eng. I. 329 The Prior of Durham writes a grave letter to him. 1889 ‘Rolf Boldrewood’ Robbery under Arms xxviii, There was old George sitting on the bench as grave as a judge. 1897 Literature 190/2 The grave-and-gay verse so characteristic of this poet. |
| absol. 1676 Glanvill Ess. Philos. & Relig. vi. 17 The Grave and the Sober, whose Judgements we have no reason to suspect to be tainted by their Imaginations. 1725 Pope Odyss. xiv. 522 The grave in merry measures frisk about. |
b. Of movements, also of music, tones of voice, etc.: Expressive of or befitting serious feelings, serious, solemn.
| 1585 T. Washington tr. Nicholay's Voy. iii. xiv. 98 They go with a grave, fayre, and soft pace. 1597 Morley Introd. Mus. 177 You must..if you have a graue matter, applie a graue kinde of musick to it. Ibid. 181 A kinde of staide musicke ordained for graue dauncing. 1611 Shakes. Wint. T. i. ii. 173 We two will walke (my Lord) And leaue you to your grauer steps. 1660 F. Brooke tr. Le Blanc's Trav. 312 When he saw the Monks with grave steps draw nearer the bed [etc.]. 1687 A. Lovell tr. Thevenot's Trav. i. 30 That way of saluting is very grave. 1859 Dickens T. Two Cities i. v, The children had ancient faces and grave voices. 1897 W. Watson Hope World, etc. (1898) 24 The Song of Mingling flows Grave, ceremonial, pure. |
4. Of colour, dress, etc.: Dull, plain, sombre, not gay or showy.
| 1611 Cotgr., s.v. Fol, Graue clothes make dunces often seeme great Clarkes. 1725 De Foe Voy. round World (1840) 267 A mantle..dyed in two or three grave brown colours. 1756 Nugent Gr. Tour, Italy III. 86 Their dress is grave and becoming. 1811 Self Instructor 520 Every part has equally received the pumice..exhibiting a dead grave appearance. 1849 Ruskin Sev. Lamps vi. §12. 174 Vigorous oppositions of light and shadow, and grave, deep, or boldly contrasted colour. 1863 Geo. Eliot Romola (1880) I. Introd. 3 The folds of his well-lined black silk garment..hang in grave unbroken lines from neck to ankle. |
| quasi-adv. 1805 Emily Clark Banks of Douro I. 18 Though so young, she dressed plain and grave, to give her an older appearance. |
5. [After L.
gravis.] Physically ponderous, heavy.
Obs. or
arch.| 1570 Levins Manip. 42/44 Graue, grauis, grandis. c 1611 Chapman Iliad v. 752 In her violent hand she takes his graue, huge, solid lance. 1682 Weekly Mem. Ingen. 356 Some few others are equally grave with the water within which they are. 1805 Wordsw. Waggoner i. 13 The mountains against heaven's grave weight Rise up. |
6. Of sounds: Low in pitch, deep in tone; opposed to
acute.
grave accent (see
accent 1, 2).
grave harmonic (see
harmonic B. 2).
| 1609 Douland Ornith. Microl. 71 A graue accent is made in the end of a complete sentence. 1669 Holder Elem. Speech 99 The Acute accent raising the Voice in some certain Syllables, to a higher, i.e. more acute Pitch or Tone, and the Grave depressing it lower. 1706 A. Bedford Temple Mus. ii. 19 The Verse was also mixt with acute and grave Sounds. 1727–41 Chambers Cycl. s.v., The thicker the chord, or string, the more grave the tone, or note. 1779 [see acute a. 5]. 1831 Brewster Nat. Magic ix. (1833) 229 Dr. Wollaston has also shown that this is true also of very grave sounds. 1876 Stainer & Barrett Dict. Mus. Terms, Grave (1) Deep in pitch; as grave hexachord, the lowest hexachord in the Guidonian system. 1881 Nature No. 616. 358 A low booming tone to which musicians give the name of the grave harmonic. |
7. attrib. and
Comb. Chiefly parasynthetic, as
grave-browed,
grave-coloured,
grave-eyed,
grave-faced,
grave-hearted,
grave-looking,
grave-toned,
grave-visaged adjs.| 1861 W. F. Collier Hist. Eng. Lit. 41 *Grave-browed men. |
| 1768–74 Tucker Lt. Nat. (1852) II. 25 A morning gown of a *grave coloured flowered damask. |
| 1861 W. F. Collier Hist. Eng. Lit. 155 *Grave-eyed philosophers. |
| a 1699 J. Beaumont Psyche xiii. 21 Those *grave-fac'd Bloodhownds..those Elders. 1863 Atkinson Stanton Grange 96 The grave-faced assurance the young man gave him. |
| 1642 Vicars God in Mount (1644) 75 The grey-headed but not *grave-hearted Citizens of London. |
| 1825 J. Neal Bro. Jonathan III. 237 A thoughtful, *grave-looking personage. 1828 Miss Mitford Village Ser. iii. 273 It was a grave-looking mansion. |
| 1751 Wesley Wks. (1872) XIV. 80 A word that has no accent on the last syllable is termed a *grave-toned. |
| 1843 Lytton Last Bar. i. i, Here is my *grave-visaged headman. |
B. n. A grave accent;
† a grave note.
| 1609 [see acute a. B]. 1727 Boyer Dict. Fr.-Eng. s.v. Grave, Accent grave..the Accent Grave, the Grave. 1728 R. North Mem. Musick (1846) 28 A right downe singing, with acutes and graves. 1824 J. Johnson Typogr. II. iii. 36 Vowels marked with a grave..; è has a grave when it stands for a word by itself. |
▪ VI. ‖ grave, a.2 Mus. (
grav,
ˈgrave)
[F. grave or It. grave = grave a.1] A term indicating a slow and solemn movement.
| 1683 Purcell 3-Pt. Sonnatas To Rdr., The English Practitioner..will find a few terms of Art perhaps unusual to him, the chief of which are these following: Adagio and Grave, which import nothing but a very slow movement: [then Largo, etc.]. 1724 Explic. For. Words Mus. 36 Grave, signifies a very Grave and Slow Movement, somewhat faster than Adagio, and slower than Largo. 1762 Sterne Tr. Shandy VI. xi, What Yorick could mean by the words lentamente,—tenutè [sic],—grave,—and sometimes adagio,—as applied to theological compositions..I dare not venture to guess. 1848 Rimbault First Bk. Piano 65 Grave, a very slow and solemn degree of movement. |
▪ VII. grave, v.1 (
greɪv)
Forms:
inf. 1
grafan, 3
graven, (5
gravyn), 4–7
grave, (5
grafe,
grawe, 6
greve,
Sc. graife, 7
greave), 4–
grave.
pa. tense 1
gróf, 4
grof(e, (
grufe), 4–5
grove, (5
grave);
weak forms: 4–6
gravede, 4–
graved.
pa. pple. 1 (
á-,
be-)grafen, 4–6
grave, (5
Sc. grawin, 6
graffin), 3–
graven; also 3, 5
igrave(n, 4–5
ygrave;
weak forms: 4–
graved, (5
-id,
Sc. -it, 6
-yd); also 4
igraved.
[A Com. Teut. str. vb.; OE. grafan (pa. tense gróf, grófon, pa. pple. -grafen) to dig, to engrave (cf. begrafan to bury: see begrave), OS. bigraƀan to bury, OLow Frankish gravan to dig, (MDu., Du. graven to dig), OHG. graban to dig, carve, (MHG., G. graben to dig; begraben to bury, eingraben to engrave), ON. grafa to dig, to bury (Sw. grafva, gräfva, Da. grave), Goth. graban to dig, f. OTeut. root *graƀ-, grôƀ- (whence grave n.1, groove n.):—pre-Teut. *ghrā̆bh-. Cognates are found in OSl. grebą I dig (also, I row), grobŭ ditch, Lettish grebju I scrape. Connexion with Gr. γράϕειν, to write, is no longer accepted by philologists. The str. pa. tense died out in the 15th c.; in the pa. pple. the str. form is still the prevailing one. The F.
graver, to engrave, is an adoption of the
Teut. vb.; its compound
engraver became
Eng. as
engrave v., which has nearly superseded the native word in this sense.]
I. 1. intr. To dig.
Obs. exc. dial. † Also
fig.| a 1000 Riddles xxii. 2 (Gr.) Ic..be grunde græfe. a 1000 Boeth. Metr. viii. 57 Se forma feohᵹitsere..grof æfter golde. c 1400 Mandeville (Roxb.) xxix. 132 At þe last þai schall dryfe him to þe hole whare he come oute. And þan schall þai grafe after him. 1412 Hoccleve De Reg. Princ. 83 He [sc. þoght] graueþ deppest of seekenesses alle. c 1450 St. Cuthbert (Surtees) 2377 And he stode grauand with a spade. 1674–91 in Ray N.C. Words. 1867 J. P. Morris Siege o' Brou'ton 5 (Lanc. Gloss.) Jinny Dodgon ran into t' garden, whār her āld man was greavin'. |
2. trans. To dig, form by digging; to dig out, excavate. Also with
out,
up.
† to grave away: to get rid of by digging. Now
rare exc. dial. in
to grave peat(s,
grave turf.
| a 1000 Riming Poem 71 (Gr.) Þæt ic grofe græf. a 1300 Cursor M. 17288 + 134 It was in maner of a hows þat crist laide in was, Grauen depe in a roche. a 1300 E.E. Psalter vii. 16 Þe slough he opened and it groue he. 1340–70 Alex. & Dind. 7 Þei..hadde graue on þe ground many grete cauys. c 1385 Chaucer L.G.W. 678 Cleopatra, And next the shryne a pit thann doth she grave. c 1400 Mandeville (Roxb.) ix. 35 Þe pitte þer þai graue it vpp. c 1425 St. Eliz. of Spalbeck in Anglia VIII. 109/15 Sche..strekith oute hir fynger & puttith to hir eyen..as sche wolde graue hem oute or bore hem in. 1483 Cath. Angl. 163/2 To Grave, cespitare, fodere. 1535 Coverdale Jer. xviii. 14 Maye the springes off waters be grauen awaye. ― Ezek. iv. 2 Stronge diches are grauen on euery syde off it. 1552 Lyndesay Monarche Prol. 278 That sors..Off Hylicone..That Longeous..did graue in tyll his syde. 1557 Rec. Scotter Manor in N.W. Linc. Gloss. s.v., No man shall graue any turves in thest car nor in Rany[how] vpon payne for euery dayes work, iijs iiij{supd}. 1560 Bible (Genev.) Isa. xxii. 16 He that..graueth an habitacion for him self in a rocke. 1641 Best Farm. Bks. (Surtees) 70 We grave up a rownde sodde with a spade. 1747 Stovin in Phil. Trans. XLIV. 571 The Pit he was graveing Peat in. 1794 Trans. Soc. Arts XII. 126 And the earth [was] graved up, where each plant was to stand, one spit deep. 1884 Gd. Words 76 Out on the top was an old man graving turf. 1896 M. Beaumont Joan Seaton 61 ‘So he graved that [a dike] to carry my water off from t' beck.’ |
II. To bury. [Not recorded in
OE., which has
begrafan in this sense;
cf. ON. grafa.]
3. To deposit (a corpse) in the ground, in a tomb; to bury, inter.
Obs. or
arch. In the later examples
prob. apprehended as a derivative of
grave n.1| c 1250 Gen. & Ex. 3778 Ðarð noman swinken hem [sc. Korah, Dathan, and Abiram] to grauen. a 1300 Cursor M. 3213 In ebron groue hir abraham. Ibid. 17660 All we cund þe mikel graim For iesu þou grufe [Gött. grof] his licam. c 1300 Havelok 2528 In the tun ther Grim was grauen. c 1340 Cursor M. 6962 (Trin.) Joseph bones þei wiþ hem lede And þere graued [Cott., Gött. grof] hem in þat stede. 1375 Barbour Bruce iv. 309 At Ierusalem thus trowit he Gravyn in the burch to be. 1430–40 Lydg. Bochas i. iv. (1544) 8 a, After tyme her father was ygraue. c 1440 York Myst. xxiv. 140 What tyme þat he was graued in graue. c 1450 Cov. Myst. (Shaks. Soc.) 227 That he must now in cley be grave. 1513 Douglas æneis Epitaph, Now stant I grave in Naplys the cite. 1535 Stewart Cron. Scot. II. 298 Ewgenius..grauit wes..in Ecolumkill. 1602 2nd Pt. Return fr. Parnass. iii. v. 1442 Dead things are graued. 1632 Massinger & Field Fatal Dowry iii, Would I had seen thee graved with thy great sire. 1876 J. Grant One of the ‘600’ ix. 80 They told you that I was dead too and graved in yonder kirk. |
| fig. 1597–8 Bp. Hall Sat. iii. ii. 23 Thine ill deserts cannot be graued with thee. |
† b. To deposit or hide under ground.
Obs.| a 1300 Cursor M. 16923 Nu is þe croice grauen vnder greit and iesus vnder stan. c 1386 Chaucer Wife's T. 209 For al the metal ne for oore That vnder erthe is graue. c 1420 Pallad. on Husb. vi. 45 Sarment, or stre, or loppe in hit be graued. |
† c. To swallow up in or as in a grave.
Obs.| a 1340 Hampole Psalter vi. 5 Hell graues synful men. 1607 Shakes. Timon iv. iii. 166 Ditches graue you all. c 1611 Chapman Iliad xv. 317 The throtes of dogs shall graue His manlesse lims. |
III. To engrave.
4. To form by carving, to carve, sculpture.
lit. and
fig.; also
absol. Obs. exc. poet.| c 1000 Ags. Ps. (Th.) lxxvii[i]. 58 Hi..him woh-godu worhtan and grofun. 1382 Wyclif Hab. ii. 18 What profitith the sculptile for his maker grauede it. 1398 Trevisa Barth. De P.R. xvi. lxviii. (1495) 575 Men that grave loue it [Marbyl callyd Caristium] wel. c 1400 Destr. Troy 8744 Like ymages were all, abill of shap, & craftely grauen. c 1430 Hymns Virg. 104 Make not þi god þat man haþ graue. 1535 Coverdale 2 Esdras xiii. 6 Beholde, he graued himself a greate mountayne. 1671 Milton P.R. i. 253 Affirming it thy Star new graven in Heaven. 1706 Stanhope Paraphr. III. 373 Images that our distempered Fancies first form and grave to themselves, and then fall down and worship them. 1878 H. Phillips Poems fr. Span. & Ger. 14, I graved for thee a silver god. |
† b. in
pa. pple. = chiselled 2.
Obs. rare—1.
| 1650 Bulwer Anthropomet. 88 Eares graven, somewhat short, soft, and delicate. |
† 5. a. To cut into (a hard material); in
quots. fig. b. To mark by incisions; to ornament with incised marks;
= engrave v. 2.
Obs.| 13.. Test. Christi (Vernon MS.) in Archiv Stud. neu Spr. LXXIX. 428 Þe seles þat hit was seled wiþ Þei were grauen vp-on a stiþ. c 1374 Chaucer Troylus ii. 1192 (1241) Hard was it youre herte for to graue. Ibid. iii. 1413 (1462) What proferestow thi light here for to selle Go selle it hem þat smale selys grauen. 1399 Langl. Rich. Redeles i. 40 It [the croune] was ffull goodeliche y-graue with gold al aboute. ? a 1400 Morte Arth. 3463 His gloves gayliche gilte, and gravene by þe hemmys, With graynes of rubyes fulle gracious to schewe. a 1400–50 Alexander 3343 Þe thrid of a Topas a-tyred & trelest & grauen. c 1470 Henry Wallace viii. 107 Hys glytterand glowis grawin on athir sid. 1592 Shakes. Ven. & Ad. 376 Being steeld, soft sighes can neuer graue it [thy heart]. 1677 Hale Prim. Orig. Man. iv. iv. 324 A..Watch, curiously wrought, graved, and enameled. |
c. nonce-use. To mark as with engraved lines.
| 1865 Geikie Scen. & Geol. Scot. i. 1 Man..graves the country with lines of roadway. |
6. To engrave (an inscription, figures, etc.) upon a surface. Also, to engrave (a surface)
with (letters, etc.). Hence, to record by engraved or incised letters.
arch.| c 1205 Lay. 7636 Þer on weoren igrauen Feole cunne bocstauen. c 1305 Edmund Conf. 91 in E.E.P. (1862) 73 Aue maria gracia plena: þuse four wordes were ido & igraued in his ring of golde. 1377 Langl. P. Pl. B. xv. 507 That rode thei honoure, That in grotes is ygraue, and in golde nobles. 1390 Gower Conf. III. 73 A ring, wherin a stone Was set and grave therupon A sonne. a 1400–50 Alexander 201 All þe sawis of þaire Syre..Þare gan þai graithly þam graue in golden lettirs. 1463 Bury Wills (Camden) 15 My smale tablys of ivory gravyn with ymages. 1551 Robinson tr. More's Utop. ii. (Arb.) 148 A piller of stone with the dead mans titles therin graved. c 1600 Norden Spec. Brit., Cornw. (1728) 64 A fayre earthen pott gylded and grauen with letters. 1624 Capt. Smith Virginia iii. vi. 62 There setting vp crosses, and graving our names in the trees. 1727 De Foe Syst. Magic i. vi. (1840) 140 Ham..caused the rules and precepts to be graved in metal. 1750 Gray Elegy xxix, Approach and read..the lay Graved on the stone beneath yon aged thorn. 1840 Dickens Old C. Shop xvi, Wreaths less liable to wither..than some which were graven deep in stone and marble. 1869 Blackmore Lorna D. i, Go and see my name John Ridd graven on that very form. 1887 Bowen Virg. æneid vi. 20 Graved on the doors is the death of Androgeos. |
| absol. 1430–40 Lydg. Bochas ii. xv. (1554) 54 Sethes children..Made two pillers where men myght graue. c 1614 Sir W. Mure Dido & æneas i. 492 Some grave in brasse; some kyth their craft in stone. 1877 C. Geikie Christ xiii. (1879) 127 Seeking wisdom when you are old is like writing on water; seeking it when you are young is like graving on stone. |
b. fig. To impress deeply, to fix indelibly;
= engrave v. 3 c.
| 1390 Gower Conf. I. 60 Min hert is growen into stone, So that my lady there upon Hath suche a printe of loue grave, That [etc.]. c 1460 Ros La Belle Dame 281 in Pol. Rel. & L. Poems (1866) 61 Yf suche bileve be in your mynde y-grave. 1526 Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 239 And he wolde that we sholde greue them in y⊇ tables of our hertes. 1559 Primer in Priv. Prayers (1851) 38 O Christ..Faith in our hearts set and grave. 1580 Sidney Ps. xxv. iv, Let those things thy remembrance grave, Since they eternall essence have. 1690 Locke Hum. Und. i. iv. §20. 34 To what purpose should Characters be graven on the Mind, by the finger of God. 1725 Pope Odyss. xviii. 156 Hear my words and grave them in thy mind! a 1839 Praed Poems (1864) II. 107 Until my heart shall cease to beat,..That kind blue eye and golden hair, Eternally are graven there. 1851 Hawthorne Snow Image, Gt. Stone Face (1879) 52 His wrinkles and furrows were inscriptions that Time had graved. 1890 Spectator 8 Nov. 639/2 With this conviction well graved into his mind. 1898 J. Caird Univ. Serm. 71 Features on which time had graven its seemingly indelible impress. |
† 7. To portray or copy in an engraving;
= engrave v. 4.
Obs.| a 1631 Donne Serm. i. (1634) 2 That earth, which if we will cast it all but into a map, costs many moneths labour to grave it. 1690 Evelyn in Pepys' Diary VI. 171, I am deceived if he has not graved most of the Chancellors. 1707 Sloane Jamaica I. p. xlix, The figures of some of these instruments are hereafter graved. 1818 W. Allston in W. Irving's Life & Lett. (1864) I. 398 The time the engraver demands for graving my drawing. |
▪ VIII. grave, v.2 (
greɪv)
Also 7
greave.
[Of obscure origin; possibly f. F. grave = grève shore. The guess that the word is a derivative of
graves,
greaves, rests on the baseless and unlikely assertion that that substance was formerly used in the operation. The
vb. occurs much earlier than the
n.]
trans. To clean (a ship's bottom) by burning off the accretions, and paying it over with tar or some composition, while aground on a beach, or placed in a specially-constructed dock. (
Cf. bream v.
1)
| 1461 in 10th Rep. Hist. MSS. Comm. App. v. 301 No maner shipp of aliennts..to be sette agrounde to be graved in no manere place within the francheise of the saide citie. 1600 W. Magoths in Hakluyt Voy. III. 839 Wee stayed in this harborough 17 dayes, to graue our ship & refresh our wearied people. 1668 Lond. Gaz. No. 279/4 Yesterday were launched, the Monmouth and Mary, which are new Graved and re-fitted. 1692 in J. Smith's Seaman's Gram. xvi. 78 To greave a Ship, is to bring her to lye dry a ground, to burn off her old filth. 1719 De Foe Crusoe ii. xiii. (1840) 248 Our carpenter being prepared to grave the outside of the ship. 1769 Falconer Dict. Marine (1780), Fourches de carene, breaming-hooks..used to hold the flaming furze..to a ship's bottom when graving. 1891 C. Creighton Hist. Epidemics 585 They graved the ship there and remained twenty-six days. |
▪ IX. grave, v.3 rare—0.
Mus. (
greɪv)
[f. grave a.2] trans. To render (a note or tone) grave.
| 1864 in Webster; and in later Dicts. |
▪ X. grave obs. Sc. form of
grove.