You need the file `tikzlibrarycrypto.symbols.code.tex`. It does not appear to be in TeXlive or elsewhere in Debian. You can download a copy from IACR.
You also need anything that `tikzlibrarycrypto.symbols.code.tex` depends on. In addition to what is bundled with tikz, it needs `pgflibraryarrows.new.code.tex`.
Download these files and place them in your personal TeX package directory. By default, that's the `texmf` directory in your home directory. Inside this directory, the files need to be under `…/tex/generic` since they're TeX sources that can be used with any format.
mkdir -p ~/texmf/tex/generic/pgf/libraries
cd ~/texmf/tex/generic/pgf/libraries
wget
See < for more information about the installation.