Running `apropos '^system'` works for me, returning the list of man pages where either the page name itself starts with system or the one line description starts with system.
For example, the output on Debian (jessie) includes:
system-config-printer (1) - configure a CUPS server
sigset (3) - System V signal API
I know of no clean way to tell `apropros` to search only in page names _or_ in the one-line description, but there's always `grep`:
apropos system | grep -- '^system' # page names
apropos system | grep -- '- system' # descriptions
Either of these can be encapsulated in a shell function such as this:
apro() { apropos "$1" | grep -- "^$1"; }