You are not on the right track. The derivative of $f(z)$ is $f'(z) = 2z+a$, which is zero at the point $z_1 = -a/2$. Hence the highest value of $R$ is at most $R = |z_1-z_0|$. On the other hand it is easy to see that the function is injective on the region $$ U = \\{ z : |z - z_0| < |z_1 - z_0| \\}, $$ as by the change of variables $w = z + a/2$ your function is $f(w) = w^2 + c$, and the behaviuor of $w \mapsto w^2$ around zero is well known and easy tu study.