As steeldriver astutely pointed out in the comments, you've told sed to `-i` edit the file in-place. As a result, sed will not provide any output, and so the `>` redirection will put that _nothing_ into the output file.
Either keep the `-i` flag and accept that the `input` file will be updated in-place:
sed -i 's/datum/YEAR-MONTH-DAY/g' input
or drop the `-i` flag and use the redirection to put the updated contents in the `output` file:
sed 's/datum/YEAR-MONTH-DAY/g' input > output