is almost always used in the first or second sense today, so let's check :
> ② ****
> [] ****
> []
>
> * [] ② ****
>
And see this question.
This article (PDF) seems to explain how was used in . is a novel written more than 1000 years ago, and the word was used over 100 times throughout the novel as a synonym of the Buddism concept (≒destiny, karma).