Please don't write things like "$+-\sin(a^3+x^3)$"; they tend to confuse you later on. If you must put the addition and the negative sign, use parentheses, like $+(-\sin(a^3+x^3))$.
Next: $a$ is a constant; the variable is $x$. Constants have zero derivative. So you don't get $3a^2$ and $3x^2$.
Finally: the derivative of $y=\cos(a^3+x^3)$. This is a composition: if you write it as $f(g(x))$, then $g(x) = a^3+x^3$ (first you cube $x$ and add $a^3$ to it) and $f(u)=\cos u$ (then you take the cosine of whatever you have).
So $g'(x) = (a^3)' \+ (x^3)' = 0 + 3x^2 = 3x^2$ (again, $a$ is a constant).
On the other hand, $f'(u) = -\sin(u)$.
So, using the Chain Rule that says that $$\Bigl( f\bigl(g(x)\bigr)\Bigr)' = f'\bigl(g(x)\bigr)g'(x),$$ we have $$\begin{align*} \left(\cos(a^3+x^3)\right)' &= \left(f'(a^3+x^3)\right)g'(x)\\\ &= \left(-\sin(a^3+x^3)\right)\left(3x^2\right)\\\ &= -3x^2\sin(a^3+x^3). \end{align*}$$