What does 縦に半回転する mean My question is to what exactly means. For examples sake lets imagine a plane flying in the sky, and how I think its orientation would change. We will start of with the example that the plane is flying parallel to the ground and maintaining the same height. If it was to then it would be flying upside down (180 degree rotation), I think. Now what if instead maintaining the same height, it was moving upwards at a 45 degree angle from vertically up. If this was to would it now be going downwards at a 45 degree angle from vertically down, or would it be going in the opposite direction (horizontally) compared to before?

You can basically think of as "vertical rotation". In the case of aircraft, I think would usually refer to the **pitching** motion.

![Yaw, Pitch, Roll](

(From Wikipedia: Aircraft principal axes))

So yes, 180 would make the aircraft upside-down. (But 180 (180° roll) would also make it upside-down. Yawing is technically also , but it's usually called in laypeople's terms.)