How do you calculate the area of the intersection between a rectangle and a doughnut? I'm dealing with an engineering problem, involving concentric pipes, with air flowing through the outer pipe (doughnut). I need a cross-beam to support the inner pipe, so I need to calculate how much of the outer doughnut's area will be consumed by the cross beam, in order to determine aerodynamic impact on the airflow through the outer circle of the doughnut. The picture below illustrates what I'm trying to do. I need to calculate the area of the gold section. The actual height of the blue rectangle is irrelevant - it crosses both circles exactly twice, it is perpendicular to the axes, and it is centered over the vertical axis. The intersection is fully rounded on both ends, exactly meeting the edges of both circles. ![enter image description here](

OK, let's think together.

* First, I will calculate the area of the intersection between the rectangle and the upper half of the big circle with radius $R$, assuming the rectangle goes from the center of the circle and up. As shown:



![enter image description here](

* The resulting area would be the sum of:

1. a sector with angle $\theta = 2 \tan^{-1} (\frac{w}{2R})$ and, hence, area of $\frac{\theta}{2 \pi} \pi R^2$
2. one small triangle on the left with area $\frac{1}{2}(\frac{w}{2}) (R \cos(\frac{\theta}{2}))$
3. one small triangle on the right with area $\frac{1}{2}(\frac{w}{2}) (R \cos(\frac{\theta}{2}))$
* Finally, your area can be calculated by subtraction as follows: $$ A = \frac{\theta_1 R^2}{2} + \frac{w R}{2} \cos(\frac{\theta_1}{2}) - \frac{\theta_2 r^2}{2} - \frac{w r}{2} \cos(\frac{\theta_2}{2}). $$




where $\theta_1 = 2 \tan^{-1} (\frac{w}{2R})$ and $ \theta_2=2 \tan^{-1} (\frac{w}{2r})$.