dpkg-sig --list
will list any items in the file which look like a signature, without verifying the file. This will list the role of any signature in the file; _e.g._
$ dpkg-sig -l vuescan_9.7.50-1_amd64.deb
Processing vuescan_9.7.50-1_amd64.deb...
builder
$ dpkg-sig -l zstd_1.4.8+dfsg-2.1_i386.deb
Processing zstd_1.4.8+dfsg-2.1_i386.deb...
$
The first file has a signature with the “builder” role; the second file isn’t signed.
Note that it’s unusual for individual `.deb` files to be signed (unlike RPMs). Debian packages’ authenticity relies on the repository’s authenticity; see How is the authenticity of Debian packages guaranteed?