Silver tarnish is silver sulfide, which forms in the presence of hydrogen sulfide.[[1]](
Pre-industrial sources for hydrogen sulfide include volcanic activity (e.g. hot springs), tanneries, sewage, manure, and hard-boiled eggs (YT video).
So, there were plenty of "odors" that would make silver tarnish back in the time, both in the city and in the countryside. Tarnished silver wasn't unknown in pre-industrial times. Perhaps the silverware on the table of a well-aired mansion wouldn't get black as quickly, but using a silver spoon to eat your egg was as bad an idea back then as it is now.