It's quite non-trivial to prove that your two definitions of polyhedral cone are equivalent. However, granted that, $$\\{y\in\mathbb{R}^n:y^TVx\ge 0\ \forall x \in \mathbb{R}_+^k\\} =\\{y\in\Bbb R^n:x^RV^Ty\ge0\ \forall x\in \Bbb R_+^k\\}=\\{y\in\Bbb R^n:V^Ty\ge0\\}$$ so that $\mathcal{P}^*$ meets your first definition of polyhedral cone.