Artificial intelligent assistant

about ln command : condition of cross-device On **openSUSE Tumbleweed 20210606** with kernel **GNU/Linux 5.12.9-1-default** I tried making a hard link of file from `/cust` to `~/backup`: df /cust && df ~/backup && ln -P /cust/customization.tar ~/backup/ and get a result with error message: Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on /dev/sda3 706523136 158883972 546393196 23% / Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on /dev/sda3 706523136 158883972 546393196 23% /home ln: failed to create hard link '/home/luli/backup/customization.tar' => '/cust/customization.tar': Invalid cross-device link Why it said that from `/dev/sda3` to `/dev/sda3` is `cross-device` and where can I get more details? Thanks.

`ln` without options creates a hard link as documented in the manual page for `link`, especially the section explaining error EXDEV, which contains the remark

> link() does not work across different mount points, even if the same filesystem is mounted on both

Although I realize that the paragraph below does not address the problem, I won't remove it from my answer. It might still be useful for some readers.

A hard link points to an inode number in the same filesystem and can therefore not be created across filesystems. You can use a symbolic link instead (-s option).

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