Alright, the Poncelet-Steiner theorem says we can do anything a compass and straightedge can do, if only we can construct the center of the given circle. That turns out to be fairly easy. Given any line, we can construct a diameter of the fixed circle that is perpendicular to the line. Now that I think of it (it's not in the diagram) we might as well make that first diameter, then simply make the diameter perpendicular to that. The intersection of the two (perpendicular) diameters is the center of the circle.
See attached diagram. The fixed circle is in red, so is the initial line being used.
Given two diameters that are not identical, the center is just where the diameters intersect.
So, the original problem ( inscribed triangle) can be solved. We know that by
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