**Definition.** Two coplanar angles are said to be _adjacent_ if they share a common vertex and a common side but no common interior points.
While $\angle AOD$ and $\angle BOD$ share a common vertex (point $0$) and a common side ($\overrightarrow{OD}$), they are not adjacent since $C$ is a common interior point of the two angles.
Examples of adjacent angles in the diagram include $\angle AOB$ and $\angle BOC$, $\angle AOB$ and $\angle BOD$, $\angle AOC$ and $\angle COD$, and $\angle BOC$ and $\angle COD$.
**Edit:** In your new diagram, $\angle AOD$ and $\angle BOD$ are not adjacent since they share interior points. For instance, if $\overrightarrow{OC}$ is the angle bisector of $\angle BOD$, then point $C$ is in the interior of both $\angle AOD$ and $\angle BOD$.