Let $\mathcal{E}$ be a Grothendieck topos. It is a standard fact that the category of _sheaves_ on $\mathcal{E}$ with respect to the canonical topology on $\mathcal{E}$ is equivalent to $\mathcal{E}$ (via the Yoneda embedding): see here. (The canonical topology on $\mathcal{E}$ has as its covering families all jointly epimorphic families.)
The claim in question is the special case where $\mathcal{E} = \mathbf{Set}$.