Let's assume that the radius of the sphere is $1$. Then we want to find a cuboid with volume $\frac12 \left(\frac43 \pi \right) = \frac23 \pi$.
If one corner of the cuboid is $(x,y,z)$, then its volume is $8xyz$, so we have $xyz = \frac18 \left(\frac23 \pi \right) = \frac1{12}\pi$. We also have $x^2+y^2+z^2=1$, since the corner lies on the surface of the sphere. So we have:
$$xyz = \frac1{12}\pi\\\ x^2 + y^2 + z^2 = 1$$
A good place to start would be to check how big the largest possible cuboid is. This occurs at $x = y = z = \frac {\sqrt3} 3$.