With the help of Tobias Kildetoft's comments I think I can now provide an answer to my question.
Recall that $\operatorname{Ind}^G_1 1$ is in fact the regular character of $G$ and so $\operatorname{Ind}^G_1 1=\sum_\chi \chi(1) \chi $ where the sum is taken over all the _irreducible_ characters of $G$.
Therefore we have $\langle\operatorname{Ind}^G_11, \operatorname{Ind}^G_H \phi\rangle_G= \sum_\chi\langle\chi,\operatorname{Ind}^G_H\phi\rangle_G\chi(1)=(\operatorname{Ind}^G_H\phi)(1)=[G:H]\phi(1)$.
There was no need to use Frobenius reciprocity nor any of Mackey's theorems.