When you are uncertain as to the type of records for an area (and time) and their availability, then the Research Wiki at Family Search is a good place to start.
For an initial search, just enter the name of the country in the search box. In the case of Italy, there are more than 1,000 pages but the second on the list was called Italy Census
On that page you will find
> The first census of Italy was taken in 1871. Since then, a census has been taken every 10 years.
and
> Census records up to 1991 are held in the state archive of each province. Census records from 1911 or 1921 to 1991 are also usually found in each comune’s anagrafe (register’s office).
Where to find details of the relevant archive office and anagrafe? Just look for a Research Wiki page for the province.