I also asked that question on Reddit r/books and here is u/VladimirOo's answer :
> Then, Lupin's motives are never that clear in the novel. He might have made a mistake by accidentally dropping the paper - after all, he rarely got challenged like in this story.
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> My guess is that he did it intentionally to test out Isidore's abilities. When the hollow needle's secret is uncovered, he had already given up on his thieving life and is ready to pass its property on. So dropping clues and mysteries behind him might be done on purpose.