This doesn't imply very much at all. For instance, if $C$ is the terminal category, a left adjoint to the unique functor $A\to C$ is any functor $C\to A$ which sends the object of $C$ to an initial object of $A$. So to say that there are right adjoint functors $A\to C$ and $B\to C$ just means that $A$ and $B$ both have initial objects. That certainly doesn't imply $A$ and $B$ are equivalent, and doesn't even imply there exists any adjunction between $A$ and $B$.
One thing it does imply is that the nerves of $A$ and $B$ are homotopy equivalent, since the nerve of any adjoint functor is a homotopy equivalence. But this is a very weak condition (indeed, the nerve of any category with an initial or terminal object is contractible).