I propose this option, assuming the string that matches in every pair of files is always in the same position:
# loop over the files that start with 'cf-'
for f in cf-*.txt; do
# extract the unique "code", e.g 'tcg'
code=$(echo "$f" | cut -d'-' -f5)
# match the looped file with the one that starts with the "code"
echo "diff" *"-${code}"* "${code}"*.txt
# perform your commands, in this case I use an `echo` to show
# how the command `diff` will be executed
done
diff cf-mell-pos-908-tcg-4619e.txt tcg_mell_upload_lx.txt
diff cf-mell-pos-908-tcw-4619e.txt tcw_mell_upload_lx.txt
diff cf-mell-pos-908-usc-4619e.txt usc_mell_upload_lx.txt
diff cf-mell-pos-908-wi_board-4619e.txt wi_board_mell_upload_lx.txt