Yes, you can disable this feature safely:
sudo apt-get purge popularity-contest
This will delete the cron script and everything else related to the package, apart from its log files.
(Note that your system might not be configured to phone home — the package needs to be installed, and it needs to be set up to phone home. Look for `PARTICIPATE` in `/etc/popularity-contest.conf`; if it’s not `yes`, you’re not participating.)