We can proceed as follows:
$$\begin{align} \int_I \delta'(f(x)) \, \phi(x) \, dx & = \left. -\frac{d}{dy} \left( \phi(f^{-1}(y)) \, \frac{1}{|f'(f^{-1}(y))|} \right) \right|_{y=0} \\\ & = \left. - \left( \phi'(f^{-1}(y)) \frac{1}{f'(f^{-1}(y))} \cdot \frac{1}{|f'(f^{-1}(y))|} + \phi(f^{-1}(y)) \cdot \frac{-f''(f^{-1}(y))}{|f'(f^{-1}(y))|^3} \right) \right|_{y=0} \\\ & = - \left( \phi'(x_0) \frac{1}{f'(x_0)} \cdot \frac{1}{|f'(x_0)|} + \phi(x_0) \cdot \frac{-f''(x_0)}{|f'(x_0)|^3} \right) \\\ & = \frac{f''(x_0)}{|f'(x_0)|^3} \phi(x_0) - \frac{f'(x_0)}{|f'(x_0)|^3} \phi'(x_0) \end{align}$$
Therefore our final formula becomes $$\delta'(f(x)) = \sum_n \frac{f''(x_n) \delta(x-x_n) + f'(x_n) \delta'(x-x_n)}{|f'(x_n)|^3}$$