Certainly not.
Even for something as simple as $\mathbb Z/8\mathbb Z$ this isn't true. Now both $2$ and $4$ are in $\sqrt{\\{0\\}}$ for this ring, and $2^3=0$ but $2^2\
eq 0$, but $4^3=4^2=0$.
In fact, the _only_ case in which it is going to be true is if $\sqrt{I}^2\subseteq I$. For, if there exists an $n>2$ and an element such that $x^n\in I$ but $x^{n-1}\
otin I$, it must be true that $y=x^{n-1}$ satisfies $y^2\in I$, thwarting the condition.