Difference between の代わりに and に代わって I need help understanding the difference between and . This is how A Dictionary of Intermediate Japanese Grammar explains the difference: > cannot be used when "replacement" is expressed: > >> [1] /* (`*`denotes incorrect) > > cannot be used for on-the-spot substitution of objects: > >> [2] {/*} (`*`denotes incorrect) **(Question)** What do they mean by `"replacement"` and `on-the-spot substitution`? I am still quite unable to understand the difference. Isn't `on-the-spot substitution` a form of `"replacement"`? If one is a subset of the other, then both and should be able to be used for one type of sentence, while only either or be used for the more specific case. Being distinguished as per [1] and [2] seems to make them mutually exclusive. Also as an aside: What sense of is used in these sentences?

* `` 'temporarily substite, instead of' does not accompany temporal transition from one to another.

> ×
> 'On economy class seats, plastic utensils are served, taking over the role of glass ones.'
>
> 'On economy class seats, plastic utensils are served instead of glass ones.'

* `` 'replace, take over' entails temporal transition from one to another.

>
> 'After WWII, plastics appeared, taking over the role of glasses.'
> ×
> 'After WWII, plastics appeared instead of glasses.'




`` here means 'appear' (< be exposed to the world) or 'be served' (< appear in front of the customer).