"Does this imply that the graph G is k-partite?" No. The simplest example is an odd cycle. See < for examples of graphs with clique size 3 and large chromatic number.
The condition that every vertex belongs to a clique of size $k$ is not relevant as dummy vertices can be added to form such cliques.
"If not, what additional conditions would guarantee this property?" Perfect graphs such as bipartite graphs, chordal graphs etc. satisfy this property.