If you want to use intermediate value theorem(IVT), define $$G(x) = \int_a^x f(u) du - \int_x^b f(u) du$$
Observe that $G(a) = -G(b)$. Thus either they are both zero in which case you are done, or if $G(b) = \alpha > 0$, then $G(a) = -\alpha < 0$ and so by IVT, there exists $x$ such that $G(x)=0$.
This doesn't require fundamental theorem of calculus.