Stative verbs: ～ている　vs　～てある　vs　～（ら）れる I'm not sure if I'm wording this properly, but I want to know the nuances of these "stative" type verb forms that act kind of like adjectives. For example, you could describe an open window with any of the following: > * > > * > > * > Another one I often see is for "it is written": > * > > * >

I think (I'm not a native speaker) that

* `` is a neutral statement of the fact; in English "the window is open".

* `` is saying that someone opened the window in preparation for something. Compare for example to ``, meaning, in preparation for tonight you have put cans of beer into the fridge to get them cooled.

* `` is the past passive tense of `` and is again neutral; in English "the window has been opened".




As for the other two examples you gave:

* `...` means "it is written that...", so context matters: unlike above, `~` can also occur in a neutral sense, i.e. without doing something in preparation.

* `` is again the past passive tense of "to write", again in a neutral sense.




Hope this helps and hope native speakers will correct me if I said anything wrong.