alias in fish is just a wrapper for function builtin, it existed for backward compatible with POSIX shell. `alias` in `fish` didn't work as POSIX alias.
If you want the equivalent of POSIX `alias`, you must use abbr, which was added in fish 2.2.0:
abbr -a myfile "'/home/ben/test case/myfile'"
or:
abbr -a myfile "/home/ben/test\ case/myfile"