Look at the `sudoers` manual on your system, and search for the `password_timeout` setting (the timeout for the password prompt) and `timestamp_timeout` setting (how long until you will be asked for a password after having used `sudo` successfully). The manual on your system will mention the default timeouts that your system uses.
The default on Ubuntu is documented as 15 minutes for `timestamp_timeout` and `0` (no timeout) for `password_timeout`, but your system probably has another `password_timeout`. On FreeBSD and Alpine Linux, it's by default 5 minutes for both, for example, according to the `sudoers` manual on those systems.