What are these pathways called in Biology? Considering the pentose phosphate pathway and the sulfate reduction pathway in bacteria; What are these types of reactions called in biology? Bio degradation reactions or bio transformation reactions or something else? I wish to know whether there is a generalized names for these types of pathways.

**Short answer**
Assuming you wish to have a common name for both of these (widely differing!) pathways I basically agree with @Chris, and I would go for general terminology, namely **metabolic pathways**.

**Background**
The pentose-phosphate pathway is neither anabolic nor catabolic so those terms won't do. The pentose-phosphate pathway is, however, closely linked to general metabolism to supply the body with C5 sugars. So metabolic pathway sounds right to me.

The other pathway is a sulfate reduction pathway, which is an anaerobic respiration pathway that uses sulfate as the terminal electron acceptor instead of oxygen. It is an _entirely different pathway_. However, it too is neither catabolic or anabolic, but still closely linked to metabolism. Hence, metabolic pathway is applicable here too.