Are there dextral/sinistral higher animals? For example, almost every dog I've met in my life (more than 20 subjects) uses their right paw touching one while asking for attention. Can it be used as a criterion for calling them dextral? If not, what? However, I realize that even those dogs who live in the street might get influenced by dextral people: > There is no domestic animal which has so radically altered its whole way of living, indeed its whole sphere of interests, that has become domestic in so true a sense as the dog (Konrad Lorenz) Is there any research about it?

Handedness has been studied in several different species of toads. As basal tetrapods, the authors argue that these taxa are unlikely to be influenced by human hand dominance and are thus a better model for studying the evolution of handedness.

Bisazza et al. (1997) studied "pawedness" in _Bufo bufo_ , _B. viridis_ , and _B. marinus_ in wild-caught animals by determining which forelimb was used to remove a piece of paper from the animals' snout or a balloon placed over its head.

The results were mixed. _B. bufo_ preferred the right forelimb in both tests, but _B. viridis_ and _B. marinus_ did not. _B. marinus_ did preferentially turn its head left in another experiment, using the right forelimb for support.

A subsequent study by Malashichev and Nikitina (2002) showed that _Bombina viridis_ is "lefthanded," while _Bombina bombina_ is "ambidextrous."

So based on these studies, lateralization appears to have a long evolutionary history.