To be systematic, you need to evaluate the domain in all steps of the computation, starting from the "innermost" expressions.
We have a transcendental function ($\arcsin$) of a quotient where the denominator is a constant plus a transcendental function ($\cos$) of the variable.
The domain of the cosine is the whole of $\mathbb R$.
So is the domain of the sum $2+\cos(x)$.
The domain of the quotient is any value of the numerator and denominator, except where the denominator is zero, $2+\cos(x)=0$. This never happens, as $\cos(x)\ge-1$.
And finally, the domain of the argument of the arc sine is $[-1,1]$, which requires
$$-1\le\frac2{2+\cos(x)}\le1.$$
As the denominator is positive, we can rewrite
$$-2-\cos(x)\le2\le2+\cos(x),$$ or $$-4\le\cos(x)\land0\le\cos(x).$$
The first inequality always holds, while the second is achieved when
$$-\frac\pi2+2k\pi\le x\le\frac\pi2+2k\pi.$$