This difference fall into context and perspective. In mathematics, in general, they are synonyms, but it can be thought as different concepts from an epistemological point of view, depending on the case.
A possible example of the later: stochastic may refer to a not well known process (maybe deterministic on some degree) that is modeled as a random process.
An example could be the climate: it can be modeled as a random process or as a deterministic chaotic process, or a mix of both.