The generic name you are lookig for would be []{} or .
means "to adhere to". is its synonym.
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As to your other question, I just remembered hearing somewhere long ago how Velcro was invented from the observation of these plants, but I think that is because reading your question has triggered my memory.
would only be understood by those who are familiar with the word , which I feel like was in my active vocabulary as a kid but is not really there any more.
would probably be the only word that every Japanese-speaker is familiar with.