Thanks Michael Hampton for this answer:
This would require a kickstart script to be used. Fortunately the kickstart script need only be trivial. You may use this alone (for an otherwise normal interactive installation) or as part of an existing kickstart script.
%pre --erroronfail
#!/bin/sh
grep -q aes /proc/cpuinfo || exit 1
%end
If the CPU doesn't show this feature, the script will error exit and the installation will stop.