It isn't true generally that all atomless Boolean algebras of the same cardinality are isomorphic, so we don't expect $\kappa$-categoricity, and the diversity of such Boolean algebras give rise to all the various distinct forcing notions.
But in the countable case, it turns out that there is just one atomless Boolean algebra up to isomorphism. There are evidently a variety of proofs.
* Here is a 1972 article by Abian that gives a brief topological proof, as well as a detailed proof for the case of atomless Boolean rings.
* This book by Givant seems to have an explanation of the proof using the back-and-forth technique, which I believe is probably how you would prefer to understand it. (Here is a link to [the Google Books version][3], where you can see a complete and fully detailed proof with exercises afterward.)
[3]: atomless Boolean algebra&f=false