`xargs` is the unix utility I was looking for. From the man page:
>
> The xargs utility reads space, tab, newline and end-of-file delimited strings from the standard input and executes utility with the strings as arguments.
>
> Any arguments specified on the command line are given to utility upon each invocation, followed by some number of the arguments read from the standard input
> of xargs. The utility is repeatedly executed until standard input is exhausted.
>
So, the solution to my original question is:
git diff --diff-filter=M --name-only develop | grep coffee$ | xargs ./node_modules/.bin/coffeelint