Finding the roots of the polynomial $z^{12} = (z+2)^{12}$, where $z$ is a complex number, by using the $12$ roots of unity. The method goes like this : $\displaystyle\frac{(z+2)^{12}}{z^{12}} = 1 $ Let $\displaystyle w = \frac{z+2}z$ $w^{12} = 1$ The solutions to this equation are the $12$ roots of unity. But one solution, i.e $w=1$, does not work for the original equation. How is it then that we can be sure that the remaining $11$ values of w will work? How do we know that this method works at all? I'd like it if someone could add some rigor to this since it feels very 'flimsy' to just reject one solution by observation, and then not bother to observe the rest.

First of all, you are expected to find only $11$ solutions, anyway. The original polynomial has degree $11$. $z^{12}$ can be subtracted on both sides.

In general, it is not unusual to perform operations that temporarily increase the number of solution candidates. The "wrong solutions" will be filtered out later during verification of the result or (in your case) during backward substitution.

In your example, the substitution $w=\frac{z+2}{z}$ introduced another solution candidate (in addition to the $11$ valid solutions), because it is not obvious from the beginning, that $w=1$ won't work.

As long as you only perform operations that do not decrease the number of solution candidates, everything is fine. We do not want to "lose" any solutions. But increasing the number of solution candidates is ok, given that you are going to verify the solutions. This happens often e.g. in case of equations with square roots, in which case you have to perform a lot of squaring to get the candidates.