As stated in the first sentence of your quote, the purpose of the bootstrap is not to compute the estimator, but rather to approximation the sampling distribution of the estimator.
Regarding the next paragraph, you should keep reading. The quote
> If we knew the true parameters $\theta^*$...
describes how you would approximate the sampling distribution in the idealistic situation where you do know the parameters (which is not the case, and, as you point out, would make the entire estimation problem pointless), but then follows it up with
> Since $\theta^*$ is unknown, we do generate samples using $\hat{\theta}(\mathcal{D}$) instead.
which describes what you would actually do.