Your argument cannot be correct, since it doesn't use the noetherian hypothesis; this is because for a non-noetherian ring the statement is wrong:
Consider the polynomial ring $A = \mathbb Z[x_1,x_2,x_3,\dotsc]$ in infinitely many variables. It is clearly not noetherian. Now, consider the ring homomorphism $f\colon A\to A$ given on variables by $f(x_1) = 0$ and $f(x_n) = x_{n-1}$ for $n>1$. It is surjective, but not injective.